Is Math a Science Essay

After showing up at this subject, I had recently been posed a straightforward stubborn inquiry, is math is a science, a workmanship, or a way of thinking. I contemplated internally, well obviously each of the three. Arithmetic is generally (at any rate what individuals see) is a science; including, taking away, increasing, isolating, separating, incorporating, and so forth. These are for the most part all around characterized tasks which, generally, have extremely algorithmic arrangement techniques. The workmanship comes in the evidences. Commonly, while figuring a proof you’re not offered anyplace to begin thus, much the same as in workmanship, careful discipline brings about promising results. Additionally, when composing hypotheses this procedure is totally in turn around and the measure of imagination required is faltering. Simply take a stab at making a determination from a lot of divided, ordinarily random data (this doesn’t even must be math related). The way of thinking originates from ideas of vastness and the majority of set hypothesis. A ton of early science (after the Dark Age) were, generally, rationalists. They were captivated by how something so basic as arithmetic could show something so theoretical and entangled as nature, but could itself become as dynamic as to not be envision capable by people (boundless, measurements more prominent than 3, and so forth.) So it is every one of the three, albeit once in a while is it all the while each of the three. One of these generally overwhelms while working with math at any one time. In any case, there have been focuses in history where every one of the three of matched and it is probably the most staggering and excellent work you’ll ever observe. Be that as it may, it had made me think in the wake of taking this course is math actually a science, a workmanship, or a way of thinking, however for more idea out reasons. Having a craftsmanship foundation and contemplating workmanship history front and back, I went to the possibility that arithmetic and craftsmanship go inseparably. (Furthermore, presently knowing this, I have a more grounded association concerning why math would be viewed as a workmanship contrasted with a substance engineer who might be bound to lean towards a more scientifical perspective on science). Math and craftsmanship have a serious long, recorded relationship. The old Egyptians and the antiquated Greeks thought about the brilliant proportion, respected and a stylishly satisfying proportion, and fused it into the structure of landmarks including the Great Pyramid, the Parthenon, and the Colosseum. There are numerous instances of specialists who have been motivated by arithmetic and have considered science as a methods for supplementing their works. The Greek artist Polykleitos recommended a progression of scientific extents for cutting the perfect male naked. Renaissance painters went to science and many, including Piero della Francesca, became achieved mathematicians themselves. Indeed, even glance at Galileo Galilei, he composed that the universe is written in the language of arithmetic, and that its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures. Then again, mathematicians have tried to decipher and examine craftsmanship through the viewpoint of geometry and levelheadedness. The entirety of this caused me to understand that this all had to do with calculations. Calculations needed to fit into the scientific connection with craftsmanship which at that point got me to the idea of algorithmic workmanship. Algorithmic craftsmanship, otherwise called calculation workmanship, is visual craftsmanship expressly created by a calculation. It is a subset of generative workmanship, and is for all intents and purposes consistently executed by a PC. Whenever executed by a PC, it is likewise classed as PC produced workmanship; ordinarily, this is generally sorted as computerized craftsmanship. Fractal craftsmanship and condition workmanship are the two su bsets of algorithmic craftsmanship. For a masterpiece to be viewed as algorithmic craftsmanship, its creation must incorporate a procedure dependent on a calculation concocted by the craftsman. Here, a calculation is basically a point by point formula for the structure and perhaps execution of a work of art, which may incorporate PC code, capacities, articulations, or other information which at last decides the structure the craftsmanship will take. This information might be scientific, computational, or generative in nature. Because calculations will in general be deterministic, implying that their rehashed execution would consistently bring about the creation of indistinguishable fine arts, some outside factor is normally presented. This can either be an arbitrary number generator or the like, or an outside assortment of information (which, I found, can run from recorded pulses to casings of a film.) Some craftsmen additionally work with naturally based gestural info which is then adjusted by a calculation. By this definition, algorithmic workmanship isn't to be mistaken for graphical strategies, for example, producing a fractal out of a fractal program; it is essentially worried about the human factor (one’s own calculation, and not one that is pre-set in a bundle). The craftsman must be worried about the most proper articulation for their thought, similarly as a painter would be generally worried about the best utilization of hues. By this definition, defaulting to something like a fractal generator (and utilizing it for all or the greater part of your manifestations) would basically be letting the PC direct the type of the last work, and not genuinely be an inventive workmanship. The artist’s independent calculations are a necessary piece of the initiation, just as being a medium through which their thoughts are passed on. However, in the wake of diving into the way that math is and can be all around delegated a workmanship, I do firmly concur that math is a science since I imagine that math can be viewed as a science in the event that you take a gander at it from the correct viewpoint. Let’s state you have a theory (envision you are Fermat or Pythagoras). How might you demonstrate that you were correct? You would do a trial (the confirmation) and come to an end result. This is the logical technique, and it fits how science is finished. Here and there it requires a significant stretch of time to do what's necessary trials to demonstrate your hypothesis. For one, I despite everything can't consider arithmetic totally a science; the two are essentially extraordinary in a significant angle: in science we need to take a gander at the real world and afterward give clarifications, generally enrolling the guide of arithmetic as a sound language where to outline our clarifications, yet math is done in numerous different circumstances past science. Unadulterated mathematicians are some of the time glad to guarantee how futile their disclosures are. In science we try. We go into the â€Å"real world,† watch marvels, return to the drawing table, and attempt to clarify these wonders. At that point we return out to the world, check whether we can anticipate another marvel before it occurs (when we can do that we for the most part say that we have found â€Å"a crucial law of nature†), and either pompously rest for the afternoon, or slither back to the drawing table, somewhat frustrated if our speculation didn't function as we expec ted. This, by and large, is the thing that we call the â€Å"scientific method.† Mathematics is extraordinary. Despite the fact that I do concur that arithmetic is turning into an exploratory control, especially with the ongoing presentation of ground-breaking figuring machines, it doesn't depend on these investigations so as to guarantee â€Å"Eureka! I have found another truth!† Mathematics requires verification, and it’s fastidious about what it believes evidence to be. For a researcher, ten trials with predictable outcomes may establish confirmation, â€Å"within exploratory error.† For a mathematician, a googolplex of effective investigations isn't sufficient verification. Rather, we depend on rationale, and this thing we call â€Å"common sense,† essential coherent standards we accept nobody will debate, fundamental guidelines. Science is all the time roused commonly, however it is an absolutely scholarly interest. It is only a lot of thoughts in our minds, similar to reasoning. In contrast to a large portion of theory, there is some â€Å"glue† to everything, some major solidarity, something we call rationale, reason, request. Unadulterated unique thinking. That’s why I here and there prefer to state that science is applied way of thinking. Reasoning affected by quite certain guidelines. At that point there’s its style. The limit of arithmetic to be a workmanship. This is one of my preferred translations. The sheer shortsighted excellence, the amazement one can feel when one peruses a whole evidence and sees each part of it, when an astonishing truth is found by obvious methods; this is an individual encounter, I think. You truly need to feel it in the substance to get it. That glimmer of understanding when an unpredictable issue has been explained. That basic wonder of seeing numerous inconsequential thoughts assembles under a solitary top of rationale and request. This is the thing that spikes the most sentimental of mathematicians to continue attempting to demonstrate that antiquated guess. By and by, for reasons unknown, I don't feel that anybody will truly recognize what math truly is. There might be a bunch of methods of how math can be characterized, regardless of whether it is a craftsmanship, a science or a way of thinking. There will consistently be feelings for and against every idea. However, with respect to me, my heart exclusively accepts that math can be totally any of the three ideas above. I feel that perhaps there are numerous oblivious individuals who couldn't care less enough to be receptive to the way that science may in certainty be each of the three. Who knows, I may have a sentiment that can be totally erroneous, however it wouldn’t be an assessment in the event that it could be refuted.

Ethical Principles In The Journalism Profession Assignment

Moral Principles In The Journalism Profession - Assignment Example Reporting fills in as one of the most significant and respectable callings, which is resolved to furnish the individuals with the most recent data in regards to the political, social, monetary, social and vital occurrences and occasions occurring in different regions and areas of the globe everywhere (Macionis 130-31). One of the most significant assignments before the writers incorporates conveying of the quick and exhaustive updates about the news related with the rulers, countries, open and societies that may catch the thought of the majority having a place with the shaft separated locales of the world. Henceforth, keeping the individuals refreshed with the quick changing geopolitical and financial situations fills in as the most essential goal according to the writers. In basic terms, imparting the updates on local, social, national and universal concerns, in light of truth and legitimacy just as without having any feelings of trepidation of being oppressed, could properly be exp ressed to be the as a matter of first importance commitment of the columnist network. Thus, disclosing the crimes, social shameful acts, the partial conduct of the compelling gatherings and networks, and bringing up the social shades of malice winning in a culture go under the rundown of the obligations ascribed to the calling of news-casting. Part IIâ€Strive for: Although the writers will undoubtedly render their administrations liberated from compulsion and dread on the one side, and fair from the ethnic, racial, territorial, strict, sex based and every single other sort of one-sided and preferential conduct; in any case, the equivalent isn't drilled in the genuine feeling of the term in any territory of the world (Harcup 138-39). By and by, there consistently show up some magnanimous and dauntless individuals in each general public, who unequivocally take a stab at social equity, fairness and individual opportunity with the desire of liberating the majority from the grip of sa vageries, subjection, and shamefulness at any expense.

From Collecting to Connecting A New Paradigm for Education

From Collecting to Connecting A New Paradigm for Education This is a guest post by Professor Toni Krasnic, author of How to Study with Mind Maps. Toni is an author, mind mapper, teacher, and student success coach. In this article, he discusses Seth Godins essay collection Stop Stealing Dreams and how mind maps can help students go from simply collecting dots to connecting dots. Stop Stealing Dreams (What Is School For?) In March 2012, Seth Godin published Stop Stealing Dreams, a provocative collection of 132 essays on improving the current education system. It struck a chord with millions of people who read the manifesto, including me. One concept that struck me in particular was the importance of “connecting.” Seth used it 57 times in the manifesto and had it in 3 headings. Section 64, reprinted below, hit home in particular and is the inspiration for this post. 64. Connecting the dots vs. collecting the dots The industrial model of school is organized around exposing students to ever increasing amounts of stuff and then testing them on it. Collecting dots. Almost none of it is spent in teaching them the skills necessary to connect dots. The magic of connecting dots is that once you learn the techniques, the dots can change but you’ll still be good at connecting them. It’s also helpful to refer back to Section 22, where Seth talks about the connection revolution and emphasizes that we live in an “era that marks the end of the industrial age and the beginning of something new is ultimately about connection.” In short, Seth is arguing that our system of schooling will be forever changed by the newly emerged connection economy. Self-Responsibility and Education Learning is not done to you. Learning is something you choose to do.  â€"Seth Godin We’ve been at school redesign and reform for many years now, and spent millions of dollars on experimenting with different solutions. Surely, many more years and dollars will be spent. However, from a learner’s perspective, the ultimate responsibility for learning still falls within students. Teachers alone cannot “produce” learning and success in students. Students need to accept that, ultimately, they are responsible for their own learning and success, and that they must take steps to learn how to learn and develop the skills they need to thrive in today’s complex world. The most important piece is that the learners become self-learners, capable of connecting the bits and connecting with people to make learning personally meaningful. Connecting Dots with Mind Maps The magic of connecting dots is that once you learn the techniques, the dots can change but you’ll still be good at connecting them.  â€" Seth Godin Mind mapping is a visual tool that helps us visualize connections between concepts (dots). A mind map is created by extending concepts and associations from a central theme in all directions. It’s like a tree, with branches extending all around. Existing associations trigger new associations and help integrate new concepts within a map, similar to what we do with concepts in our minds. Once we trigger our brain to look for associations, there’s no going back. Our brain will be forever conditioned to connect different ideas into a whole and extend the whole into yet unknown domains. Mind mapping is a tool to make this thinking visible. This ability to converge and diverge our thinking, via connections between dots, to create meaning and create new ideas, respectively, is what makes mind maps such a powerful thinking tool. Connecting People with Mind Maps Our chaotic world is open to the work of passionate individuals, intent on carving their own paths. â€" Seth Godin To connect dots, we must first discover the dots. We come across new concepts via formal connections (e.g., school) and numerous informal connections (real-world contacts and the Internet). The network of these connections, both formal and informal, is collectively called a Personal Learning Network (PLN). PLNs are created by individual learners to meet learners’ specific needs and extend learning connections to other learners around the globe who share similar interests. Mind maps are a useful tool in mapping connections of people. As with concepts, you can easily create mind maps for various PLNs that are important to you. Join the Conversation: Wiki Mind Map of Stop Stealing Dreams If you havent read Stop Stealing Dreams yet, I highly recommend you read it. It’s a great discussion starter on education. And it’s free. If youve read the book, you can join many online discussion groups, including the Wiki Mind Map group on MindMeister. Stop Stealing Dreams Wiki Mind Map, Essays 1-70 Stop Stealing Dreams Wiki Mind Map, Essays 71-132 The map skeleton of essay headings is already there, with direct links to the sections of the book. I’ve also added all the references to “connecting,” and a few other ideas that impacted me. There’s much left to add and connect, however. I hope you’ll consider contributing your reflections directly to the maps or comment below.

The Genetic Screening Dilemma Essays - 1506 Words

The Genetic Screening Dilemma The National Academy of Science defines genetic screening as the systematic search of a population for persons with latent, early, or asymptomatic disease. The term genetic testing is often used interchangeably, but differs in that it only targets those individuals believed to be at high risk for an inherited condition. Genetic screening has a much broader target population. As genetic screening becomes easier, faster, and less expensive, there is a growing debate about who should be tested, what those results should be used for, and who should have access to those results. Before addressing these questions it is necessary to understand the basic processes involved in genetic screening. The techniques†¦show more content†¦Another technique often used for genetic screening is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR requires only a very small amount of DNA. Theoretically a single molecule could be used. PCR selectively amplifies a specific region of DNA. Initially double-stranded DNA is heated to denature the hydrogen bonds which hold the strands together. Two single-stranded DNA sequences are generated. The strands are rapidly cooled, and an RNA primer which targets the sequence of interest is allowed to bind to the DNA strands. DNA polymerase then copies the strands. The result is two double-stranded DNA molecules. This cycle is repeated, and the amount of DNA is doubled each time. At present, techniques such as RFLP and PCR are still somewhat time consuming and costly, especially when dealing with many sequences, but it is probable that in the near future the cost and effort required will be greatly reduced. Through the use of DNA chip technology, in which st rands of DNA are placed on a silicon substrate, a sample could be simultaneously checked for the presence or absence of an almost unlimited number of sequences (Beese). Such a powerful technique raises many ethical and legal questions. Before genetic screening goes any further, a variety of issues need to be resolved. In order to resolve the problems associated with genetic screening, we must examine both the benefits and dangers inherent to the process.Show MoreRelated Ethical Dilemmas of Genetic Prenatal Screening Essay679 Words   |  3 Pages One of the questions that has recently plagued me has been that of which is about the genetic structuring of our offspring. I ask myself, will we able to choose the physical features our child? If so, do we as a society think this will be an ethical practice? Perhaps, scientifically, this might be entirely possible, but law will most likely restrict it. An article written by Frederic Golden helped me draw some understanding on this hot topic. Golden commences his article with a brief story ofRead MoreCase Analysis: Danville Airlines1259 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Danville Airlines has created an ethical and legal dilemma by not being accurate, precise and clear on how they are doing medical testing, causing undue stress and potentially career-ending circumstances for David Reiger, one of their best pilots. What Danville did was illegal and unethical due to negligence. David Reiger has every right to sue them to continue flying, and the medical evidence suggests that the Huntingtons disease gene can be dormant for decades before being activeRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome1415 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic and Reproductive Sciences Abstract This paper is based on genetic and reproductive science and their benefits and limitations regarding individuals, families, and society. The paper covers the screening and treatment for diabetes and what methods are used to prevent it development. 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In the case of Molly Nash, the family was not morally culpable for their decision to have another child to save Molly’s life because AdamRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Genetic Testing1088 Words   |  5 Pages Genetic Testing Bethany Espinosa Chamberlain College of Nursing July Session 2015 Genetic testing has brought about many changes in the way many couples look at conceiving and raising families. Through genetic testing you are able to screen for the increased chance that a fetus may have one of many congenital disorders, or even identify gene changes that are responsible for a disease that has already been diagnosed (Genetic Testing, March 2015). Unfortunately genetic testing is notRead MoreThe Field Of Reproductive Technology1484 Words   |  6 PagesToday’s culture has a growing fascination with biotechnology and genetic engineering. This is especially true within the field of reproductive technology. Advancements in this field has expanded family options significantly with the advent of reproductive technologies such as in vetro fertilization, embryo transplant, and varying genetic testing and screening (Finsterbusch, 2008). However, what drives humanity to want to modify humankind? Should there be limits placed on these modifications? AndRead MoreAn In vitation For Breast Cancer Screening923 Words   |  4 Pagesfor breast cancer screening Body Global incidence - cancer as a second most common type of cancer -high rate of breast cancer in high income countries Breast compression - why is necessary, mammography process explanation Risk factors – age - cancer increases with age and why -genetic factor-breast cancer in the family Advantages of breast cancer screening - effective method, non-invasive Conclusion Breast screening=early detection= earlyRead MoreGenetic Testing : Types Of Medical And Forensic Tests1715 Words   |  7 Pages Genetic Testing WHAT IS GENETIC TESTING? Genetic Testing is the process of using medical and forensic tests to identify and analyse a human, animal or plant DNA sequence. It can reveal changes or mutations in your genes that may result in illness and disease. TYPES OF TESTING Presymptomatic and predictive testing If you have a family history of a condition, undergoing genetic testing before you have symptoms may reveal if you re at risk for developing that condition Carrier testing If youRead MoreEthics Of Computing And The Internet1173 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of the People Inside the topic of health care system ethic is implicit the pregnancy dilemma. This wide topic can include hundreds of pages; herein we are going to cover principal’s data of this essential topic in today’s lives. Pregnancy includes a debate for more than 4 decades and some topics that affect not only mothers even child, there are many dilemmas surrounding this controversial topic, where some argue one specific thing and much other argue another thingsRead MoreEthics Of Computing And The Internet1173 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of the People Inside the topic of health care system ethic is implicit the pregnancy dilemma. This wide topic can include hundreds of pages; herein we are going to cover principal’s data of this essential topic in today’s lives. Pregnancy includes a debate for more than 4 decades and some topics that affect not only mothers even child, there are many dilemmas surrounding this controversial topic, where some argue one specific thing and much other argue another things

The High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles - 1748 Words

The high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For more than a century, the predominant strategy for treatment and punishments of serious and sometimes not-so-serious juveniles offenders in the US has been placement into large juvenile corrections institutions† (Mendel, 2013, p.4). During the 18th and early 19th century, the judicial system harshly reprimanded youth and confined them in overcrowded penitentiary institutions with populations of adult offenders and the severely mentally ill (Center on Juvenile and Criminal Jus tice, 2014). Federal level policy protection of juveniles, who committed crimes and were sentenced to punishment by confinement, was not recognized until the Juveniles Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act was passed in 1974. The JJDP Act required that â€Å"(1) youth offenders were to have â€Å"sight and sound separation from adult offenders to prevent any contact between the two groups; (2) youth who have committed status offenses (i.e. curfew, truancy, alcohol possession, etc.) could not be placed in aShow MoreRelatedRacism: Incarceration of a Household Member and Hispanic Health Disparities1344 Words   |  6 Pagesof racism are far behind; however it is clear that institutional racism still exists in this country. One way of viewing this institutional racism is looking at our nation’s prison system and how the incarceration rates are skewed towards African American men. The reasons for the incarceration rate disparity are argued and different between races, but history p oints out and starts to show the reason of why the disparity began. Families and children of the incarcerated are adversely affected due toRead MoreSynthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration Into Adult Prisons1414 Words   |  6 PagesBoettcher 10/21/15 Pd.3 Synthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration into Adult Prisons Childhood is a time in which memories are created, adventures are explored and social awareness begins to develop. The events that occur during childhood are pivotal in the development of a healthy and substantial life. However, what if those experiences were taken from a child? What would the outcome be if a child could not experience what it is like to be young? 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Incarcerating youth have posed greater problems such as expenses, limited education, lack of employment, and effect on juveniles’ mental and physical well-being. In today’s society there has been an increase in the crimes committed by juveniles. Most juveniles have underliningRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The United States1044 Words   |  5 Pages2016), of whom many are juveniles. It is well documented that youths who enter this system are more likely to suffer a host of negative health and lifestyle outcomes, such as alcohol/drug abuse, high school dropout, and mental health problems. Such phenomena occur in stark contrast with the aims of the US juvenile justice system, which supposedly intends to help offending youths re-assimilate back into society as productive citizens. As previously mentioned, incarceration often leads to poor mentalRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Urban Areas1557 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1942, Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay produced Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas, which aimed to explain crime in urban communities using social disorganization theory. Elliot and Merrill (1934) define social disorganiz ation as â€Å"a breakdown in the equilibrium of forces, a decay in the social structure, so that old habits and forms of social control no longer function effectively† (p.20). Using this definition and the ecological approach, Shaw and McKay argue that low economic status, ethnicRead MoreAnalysis Of Juvenile Justice Programs893 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile crimes in North Carolina are at an eight year high. Instead of funding more detention facilities across North Carolina, the  state should provide the funding for implementing effective treatments and programs to offer a chance of rehabilitation. Juveniles are  faced with lockdown facilities that suppresses cognitive growth and development. 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United States Courts would exercise the principle of â€Å"parens patriae† to place the female in detention as a form of punishment for misbehavior (Sherman, 2012, pp. 1589-1590). This principle also remains prevalent as it p ertains to how the juvenile justice system currently responds to juvenile female offendersRead MoreAutomatic Transfer Law: An Effective Policy? 1218 Words   |  5 Pagesa national study of how the juvenile court judge weighs the pertinent Kent criteria. This criterion is based on the potential risk to the community, the maturity of character and amenability to intervention. The purpose of this study is three fold, first to test the juvenile court judges beliefs regarding the mechanics of how juveniles are transferred, second to examine the judges beliefs about the usefulness of data presented of them and third determined how juvenile judges weigh pertinent psychological

Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave Free Essays

â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? † was first published in the Saturday Review on September 27, 1913, then in Thomas Hardy’s 1914 collection, satires of Circumstance: Lyrics and Reveries with Miscellaneous Pieces. The poem reflects Hardy’s interest in death and events beyond everyday reality, but these subjects are presented humorously, with a strong dose of irony and satire. This treatment is somewhat unusual for Hardy, who also produced a number of more serious poems concerning death. We will write a custom essay sample on Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave or any similar topic only for you Order Now In â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging On My Grave? † a deceased woman carries on a dialogue with an individual who is disturbing her grave site. The identity of this figure, the â€Å"digger† of the woman’s grave is unknown through the first half of the poem (Ruby 1). As the woman attempts to guess who the digger is, she reveals her desire to be remembered by various figures she was acquainted with when she was alive. In a series of ironic turns, the responses of the digger show that the woman’s acquaintances a loved one, family relatives, and a despised enemy have all forsaken her memory. Finally it is revealed that the digger is the woman’s dog, but the canine too, is unconcerned with his former mistress and is digging only so it can bury a bone. Though the poem contains a humorous tone, the picture Hardy paints is bleak. The dead are almost completely eliminated from the memory of the living and do not enjoy any form of contentment This somber outlook is typical of Hardy’s verse, which often presented a skeptical and negative view of the human condition (Ruby 1). Hardy was born in 1840 and raised in the region of Dorestshire, England, the basis for the Wessex countryside that would later appear in his fiction and poetry. He attended a local school until he was sixteen, when his mother paid a lot of money for him to be apprenticed to an architect in Dorchester. In 1862 he moved to London, where he worked as an architect, remaining there for a period of five years. Between 1865 and 1867 Hardy wrote many poems, none of which were published. In 1867 he returned to Dorchester and, while continuing to work in architecture, began to write novels in his spare time. Hardy became convinced that if he was to make a living writing, he would have to do so as a novelist (Ruby 2). Drawing on the way of life he absorbed in Dorsetshire as a youth and the wide range of English writers with which he as familiar, Hardy spent nearly thirty years as a novelist before devoting himself to poetry. In 1874 Hardy married Emma Lavinia Gifford, who would become subject of many of his poems. They spent several years in happiness until the 1880s, when marital troubles began to shake the closeness of their union. Hardy’s first book of verse was published in 1898, when he was fifty-eight years old and had achieved a large degree of success as a novelist. Although his verse was not nearly as successful as his novels, Hardy continued to focus on his poetry and published seven more books of verse before his death, developing his confidence (Ruby2). With the composition of the Dynasts: A Drama of the Napoleonic Wars (1904-08) an epic historical drama written in verse, Hardy was hailed as a major poet. He was praised as a master of his craft, and his writing was admired for its great emotional force and technical skill. Hardy continued to write until just before his death in 1928. Despite his wish to be buried with his family, influential sentiment for his burial in Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey instigated a severe compromise: the removal of his heart, which was buried in Dorchester, and the cremation of his body, which was interred in the Abbey (Ruby 2). The structure of â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging On My Grave? † is a familiar one, although not one commonly associated with poetry: the joke. A situation is established and briefly developed, then the punch line turns everything on its head. In Hardy’s bitter joke a dead woman has high- flown expectations of the living: her loved one will remain forever faithful to her; her family will continue to look after her exactly as they did in life: and even her enemy’s hatred will not wane. The poem’s punch line deflates her hopes and reveals them as vain and ridiculous. Hardy sets up his joke carefully, with a poet’s attention to the language he uses (Ruby 4). The atmosphere is set in the first two lines. A sigh from the grave seems to signal profound meditation on morality and love. The phrasing of the two lines is almost self-consciously â€Å"poetic. † Such language is maintained throughout the first three stanzas. Expressions like â€Å"planting rue,† â€Å"Death’s gin. † â€Å"The Gate that shuts on all flesh† portray feeling that is heightened, more sensitive and authentic than every day, emotion (Ruby 4). They awaken a sense of tragedy and compassion in the reader, But Hardy is merely setting us up for the punch line. They tone of the poem’s language begins begins to change in the fourth stanza. One hardly notices it, so great is the reader’s surprise that it was a little dog that was poeticizing all along. The first seeds of doubt have been planted: this poem may not be exactly what it at first seemed. The dead woman recognizes the dog’s voice and utters the article of faith she feels most deeply: a dog’s love outshines anything human (Ruby 4). But when the dog replies, the reader realizes that Hardy is up to something else. The â€Å"poetry† and sentimentality have vanished. The dog’s voice is as ordinary and plainspoken as that of the Wessex country folk. He deflates her last hope so offhandedly and without pretense that its effect is brutal. At the same time the dead woman’s expectations about her lover, her family and enemy are portrayed as products of the same ridiculous sentimental outlook (Hardy 4). â€Å"After coming to the end of ‘Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? ’ the reader realizes that the title would have been more accurate even if less interesting if called, â€Å"Oh No One Is Digging on My Grave. ’ † (Ruby 10). How to cite Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave, Essay examples

Animal Farm Animal Satire Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm: Animal Satire Essay A Research PaperTable Of ContentSABSTRACT iACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii1.CHAPTERTHE AUTHOR: GEORGE ORWELL 11.1.PRESENTATION 11.2.HIS LIFE 11.3.HIS TIME: POLITICAL BACKGROUND 41.3.1. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 51.3.2. THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 71.4.ORWELL AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 81.5.ANIMAL FARM 92.CHAPTERSATIRE 132.1.PRESENTATION 132.2.WHAT IS SATIRE? 132.2.1. DEFINITION 132.2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF SATIRE 142.2.3. TECHNIQUES OF SATIRE 173.CHAPTERMETHOD OF RESEARCH 193.1.PRESENTATION 193.2.PROCEDURE 194.CHAPTERANIMAL FARM AS SATIRE 214.1.PRESENTATION 214.2.ELEMENTS OF SATIRE IN ANIMAL FARM 214.2.1. SUMMARY OF THE PLOT 224.2.2. SATIRICAL TECHNIQUES IN ANIMAL FARM 244.2.2.1.APPROACH TO THE SUBJECT 244.2.2.2.VIEW POINT 264.2.2.3.CHARACTERISATION 274.2.2.4.IRONY 344.2.2.5.COMPARISON OF ANIMAL FARM ANDTHE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 435.CHAPTERCONCLUSION 495.1.SUMMARY OF THE STUDY 495.2.CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY 49REFERENCES 51ABSTRACTAnimal Farm as Political SatireKORKUT, RydvanSupervisor: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Joshua M . BearThis study aims to determine that George Orwells Animal Farm is apolitical satire which was written to criticise totalitarianregimes and particularly Stalins practices in Russia. In order toprovide background information that would reveal causes led Orwellto write Animal Farm, Chapter one is devoted to a brief summary ofthe progress of authors life and significant events that hadimpact on his political convictions. Chapter one also presentsbackground information about Animal Farm. Chapter two is devotedto satire. In this chapter, definition of satire is presented andsome important characteristics of satire are discussed. In chapterthree, the method of this research is described. Under the lightof information presented in the previous chapters, Chapter fourdiscusses Animal Farm and focuses on the book as a politicalsatire. The last chapter presents the conclusion of this study. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would first like to express my sincere thanks to my thesissupervisor, Assoc.Prof. Dr. Jashua M. Bear for his help andfreedom he gave me in this study. Without his understanding thisthesis would never have been completed. I also wish to thank my sister Fidan Korkut for her suggestions inthe planning stage of this study and her endurance during my longstudy days at home. My special thanks go to ?zg?r Ceylan, who constantly granted meher moral support. She was always there when I needed her. CHAPTERTHE AUTHOR: GEORGE ORWELLPresentationThis chapter introduces general information about George Orwellslife. It includes chronological progress of his life and hispolitical convictions. Furthermore, important events, such as TheRussian Revolution and The Spanish Civil War which had significantinfluence on his commitment to write Animal Farm will bediscussed. Lastly, general information about Animal Farm will begiven. His LifeThe British author George Orwell, pen name of Eric Arthur Blair,was born in Motihari, India, June 25, 1903. His father was animportant British civil servant in India, which was then part ofthe British Empire. A few years after Eric was born, he retired ona low pension and moved back to England. Though their income wasnot much enough, the Blair family sent their son away to boardingschool which was an exclusive preparatory school, to prepare himfor Eton Collage. Eric then won a scholarship to Eton Collage. During his education from the age of eight to eighteen, as hewrote in his essay about his school experiences titled Such, SuchWere the Joys, he experienced many things about the world wherethe prime necessities were money, titled relatives, athleticism,tailor-made clothes, inequality, oppression and classdistinctions in the schools of England (In Ball,1984). After the education at Eton College in England, Eric joined theIndian Imperial Police in British-Ruled Burma in 1922. There hewitnessed oppression again, but this time he was looking at thingsfrom the top. Having served five years in Burma, he resigned in1927 and turned back to Europe and lived in Paris for more than ayear. Though he wrote novels and short stories he found nobody toget them published. He worked as a tutor and even as a dishwasherin Paris. During his poor days in Paris, he once more experiencedthe problems of the oppressed, the helpless and lower classpeople. In 1933, After having many experiences about the life at thebottom of society, he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London andpublished it under his pen name George Orwell. After a year in1934 he published his novel Burmese Days, which he reflected hisexperiences there. Then, he published A Clergymans Daughter in1935, and Keep the Aspidistra Flying in 1936. In 1936, his publisher wanted Orwell to go to the English coal-mining country and write about it which was another importantexperience in his life. He wrote The Road to Wigan Pier to reflectwhat he saw there, the real poverty of people of the LancashireTown of Wigan, and published it in 1937 (Ball, 1984). 1937 was the year that Orwell who for some time had beendescribing himself as pro-socialist (BALL, 1984) joined theRepublican forces in the Spanish Civil War. When the Communistsattempted to eliminate their allies on the far left, he foughtagainst them and was wounded in the fighting, later was forced toflee for his life. His experience in this war was to have the mostsignificant impact on his political thoughts and his later works. In 1938, Orwell wrote Homage to Catalonia, which recounts hisexperiences fighting for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. One of his best-known books reflecting his lifelong distrust ofdictatorial government, whether of the left or right, Animal Farm,a modern beast-fable attacking Russian Revolution, Stalinism andtotalitarianism, was published in 1945, and Nineteen Eighty-Four,a dystopian novel setting forth his fears of an intrusivelybureaucratised state of the future was published in 1949. Hisfirst fame was brought by these two novels and they were the onlyones which made a profit for him as a writer (Ball,1984). Orwell died at the early age of forty-seven of a neglected lungailment in London, Jan. 21, 1950. His Time: Political BackgroundIn his essay Why I Write, Orwell (1947) says:I do not think one can assess a writers motives without knowingsomething of his early development. His subject matter will bedetermined by the age he lives in_at least this is true intumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own_Taking Orwells his own words into consideration, in order to geta better understanding of his works and particularly of hispolitical satire Animal Farm, we should look at his politicalconvictions, and the historical context which influenced Orwelland inspired him to write. Very few authors develop essaysexplaining the motivation behind their writing. Orwell was of onethem. Therefore in order to understand his motivations, his essayWhy I Write would be the most appropriate source to be lookedat. Orwell was a political writer and according to him he was `forcedto be a writer by the circumstances under which he has becomeaware of his `political loyalties. His Burma and Paris daysincreased his `natural hatred of authority and `made him aware ofthe existence of the working classes.(Orwell, 1947)As mentioned above, he described himself as pro-Socialist. Whathe was longing for was a society in which there would be no classdistinctions, and he named his ideal ideology democraticsocialism. He says every line of serious work that I havewritten since 1936 has been directly or indirectly, againsttotalitarianism and for democratic socialism (Orwell, 1947)There are two significant events that have great influence onOrwells political thoughts: The Russian revolution that tookplace in the second decade of 20th century and The Spanish CivilWar between 1936 and 1939. The Russian RevolutionBolshevik Revolution of October 1917 was the first greatrevolution which aimed at to overthrow the owners of the means ofproduction, that is Capitalist Bourgeoisie, and to establish astate to be ruled by the working class, the Proletariat. Ideological basis of the revolution was taken from the philosophyof Karl Marx and Frederick Angels who believed that the history ofthe world was the history of a struggle between classes- betweenruling classes and ruled classes (Han?erliodlu, 1976). Marx wasvery critical of industrial capitalist society in which there aremany cruel injustices and men are exploited by men. Out of hisanalysis of Capitalist system, he attained a vision of endingthese injustices and establishing a society in which there wouldbe no social classes and everybody would be equal. To him, inorder to achieve this end the only way was a revolution made bythe working class or the Proletariat against the Bourgeoisie. After revolution working classes would own the means ofproduction. Marx called the new order that would be set afterrevolution dictatorship of the Proletariat which eventuallyreplaced with a classless society (Han?erliodlu, 1976). In October 1917, V.I. Lenin, led the socialist (Bolshevik)revolution in Russia. After the revolution was a four-year bloodycivil war. During this war Red Army of the revolution organisedand headed by Leon Trotsky had to fight against both Russians whowere loyal to Czar and foreign troops (The Academic AmericanEncyclopaedia, 1995). After Lenin died in 1924, a struggle between Joseph Stalin andLeon Trotsky started for the leadership of the Communist Party. Stalin gained priority over Trotsky and; in 1925 Trotsky withseveral other members ousted from Politburo (the chief executiveand political committee of the Communist Party); in 1927 Trotskyand his followers expelled from Party; Stalin took the control. Later Trotsky was exiled and in 1929 he was deported. In 1940 hewas assassinated. During this period, Stalin always denouncedTrotsky as a traitor (Ball, 1929). Dickens calls his novel Hard Times EssayBozkurt (1977), offers two fundamental types of satire: Horatianand Juvenalian satire. These types are named for two Roman poetsHorace and Jevenal, the most differentiated practitioner of them. As Bozkurt reports, both of them were critical of the Romansociety but while the former was more gentle, urbane, smiling andtolerant, the latter was severe and angry. Horatian satire ispurpose is to sort out society through a gentle and broadlysympathetic laughter. On the other hand, Juvelian satire isbitter, angry, misanthropic or cynical. It approaches to itssubject with a degrading and disrespecting manner (Bozkurt, 1977,p. 68). Characteristics of SatirePeople, in their everyday life, always use satire in order torespond several events going on in their environs. The mainpurpose of using satire is to attack and intensely criticise thetarget subject. It also includes aggressiveness toward the subjectbeing criticised. As a matter of fact, satire should include morethan these in order to be accepted as a satirical work. It must,for instance, include aesthetic features like different sound andmeaning patterns that can give pleasure to the readers. Furthermore, the satirist should deal with problematic subjectsthat are known by many people. In doing so, the satirist shouldabstract the setting of satire from the world. Mostly, thisimaginary world is of non-human beings, as in beast fables likeAnimal Farm or, as in Gullivers Travels and Alice in Wonderland,a world that possibly would not exist or in which the real worldis turned upside down. Primary reason for abstraction is to movereaders from the concrete reality, and so, while entertaining themthrough a fantastic setting to provide them with a criticalvision. Richard (1976) calls this element of satire fantasy. Hesays. The satirist does not paint an objective picture of the evils hedescribes, since pure realism would be too oppressive. Instead heusually offers us a travesty of the situation, which at oncedirects our attention to actuality and permits an escape from it. It is written for entertainment, but contains sharp andtelling comments on the problems of the world in which we live,offering `imaginary gardens with real toads in them. As mentioned above, people approach problems, subjects etc. indifferent ways so do authors. The satirist differs from authors ofother types of literature with regard to its way of dealing withhis subject. In novel or drama, for example, the target subject isdealt with directly. In the Cherry Orchard, Chekhov deals withsocial change in Russia and how people react to it. His charactersare real persons that can be found in the society as they aredescribed in the play. On the hand, it is impossible to find areal Napoleon or Lilliputian in a society. Since, they are justsymbols of particular types of people. In this sense, the satirist use high level of symbolism. Onereason for using symbols might be that it provides the author withan absolute freedom to attack his targets through their images hecreated which seemingly have no relation with the reality. AsRichard (1976) notices, the satirist often aims at to deflatefalse heroes, imposters or charlatans, who claim a respect whichis not their due, the vehicle he chooses for this is usually themock-heroic. Therefore, in order to operate his attack andmockery towards these so-called heroes who might be leaders of acountry or people of prestigiousness, without any restriction thesatirist uses symbols. Since the main topic of satire is politics which is throughout thehistory considered a dirty business, writing political satire isvery risky, but on the other hand it would be very rewardful. Asremarked before, after he published his two satires, Animal Farmand Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell was to be one of the greatestauthors of literature, as mentioned above he hardly find apublisher for Animal Farm, and published it after a year hefinished it. In order to achieve his end says Richard (1976), the satiristmust use some of the basic strategies of satire. He also shouldcommit himself boldly to his `impure subject, yet retain apurity of attitude, in his aesthetic disengagement from thevulgarities and stupidities of the struggle. Richard (1976)continues his argument by adding that what distinguishes satirefrom other kinds of literature is its approach to the subject. Therefore its subject-matter forms the most important aspect ofsatire. Despite he introduces the cruellest facts of life, thesatirist mean to make people laugh and In order to make peoplelaugh, he employs some techniques. Techniques of SatireThe satirist may use different forms of literature in prose orverse. But for the satirist some particular techniques arenecessary to achieve his aim. Richard (1976) suggests two maintechniques that the satirist use: the first one is reduction andthe other one is invective and irony. Reduction is the act of decreasing or reducing something. It isthe main means of the satirist to attack his subject. People canmore easily criticise those who they can laugh at. Since, laughterloosen muscles and is anatomically relaxing. if you laugh atsomeone, then your critical mechanism are set free, your criticismis revealed easily. Through reduction the satirist aims at to makethe reader laugh at his subject. Degrading, says Richard (1976)may be employed on the level of plot and will almost he continuedto the level of style and language. He puts Gullivers Travels asthe most outstanding example of reduction. Animal world iscontinually used by the satirist for this aim. Invective is the expression of bitter deep-seated ill will. As itcan be expected the satirist, writing satire, expose himself tocounter-attacks by those who attacked. Richard (1976 )says:this danger becomes the greater, the more the writer is committedto invective and abuse. Invective is of course one of his mostuseful weapons, and it is an art its own: it requires elegance ofform to set off grossness of content, and learned allusiveness toset off open insult. But although invective has the sanction ofholy writ, the best satirist use it only occasionally, for shockeffect (p.130). Irony is one of the figure of speeches. It includes the reversemeaning of what is said. It is one of the main devices of whichthe satirist make use. As Richard (1976) wrote,Irony assumes double meaning and double audience one of which isdeceived by the surface meaning of the words, and another thatcatches the hidden sense and laughs with the deceiver at theexpense of the deceived. In order to operate irony, the satiristuses imaginary or fictional characters or events by which s/heallow the double flow of meaning to be maintained (p.130). ChapterMETHOD OF RESEARCHPresentationThis chapter is concerned with the procedure of the research whichwas carried out to collect necessary sources for the study andmethod of the study. ProcedureSince the subject of this study mainly concerns with GeorgeOrwells Animal Farm, first the book was read. After reading thebook, sources about George Orwells life and Animal Farm werecited. When investigating Orwells intention in writing the bookand his political convictions, mainly his essays were used asprimary sources. During this period it was found that the SpanishRevolution was of great influence. Information on the Spanish Warwas mainly drawn from secondary sources. Since the book is strongly related to the Russian Revolution,Socialism, Communism and Marxism, several sources and Internetsites were searched for to find out important dates and events inthe Revolution, and to gather basic information about theprinciples of above maintained ideologies. In the parts related tothese subjects of the study, again, mostly secondary sources wereused. Information about Satire is mainly drawn from secondary sources. Finally, comparison of Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution interms of characters, events and some specific elements, mainlybased on the information gathered from primary and secondarysources. ChapterANIMAL FARM AS SATIREPresentationIn this chapter, under the light of information given in thechapter-1 and chapter-2, Animal Farm will be examined. It aims atto show the elements of satire in Animal Farm, and to comparecharacters, events and some elements of Animal Farm and TheRussian RevolutionElements of Satire In Animal FarmOrwell, as quoted before, clearly explains that his main purposefor writing Animal Farm was to write a satire on the RussianRevolution (In Shelden, 1991, p.399). Through animal satire,Orwell attacks on the Stalins practices in Russia and in widerscope, on totalitarian regimes. Taking Bozkurts (1977)classification into consideration, Animal Farm would be said to bea Juvenial satire. Since, it is clearly seen that Orwell bitterlycriticise Russian Communism and Stalin. Summary of The PlotOne night after Farmer Jones has gone to bed drunk, all theanimals of Manor Farm meet in the barn for a meeting. Old Major,the prize Middle White boar, wants to tell them about a strangedream he had. First, he narrate the nature of life as he hascome to understand it. Animals, though work very hard