Is Math a Science Essay

After showing up at this subject, I had recently been posed a straightforward stubborn inquiry, is math is a science, a workmanship, or a way of thinking. I contemplated internally, well obviously each of the three. Arithmetic is generally (at any rate what individuals see) is a science; including, taking away, increasing, isolating, separating, incorporating, and so forth. These are for the most part all around characterized tasks which, generally, have extremely algorithmic arrangement techniques. The workmanship comes in the evidences. Commonly, while figuring a proof you’re not offered anyplace to begin thus, much the same as in workmanship, careful discipline brings about promising results. Additionally, when composing hypotheses this procedure is totally in turn around and the measure of imagination required is faltering. Simply take a stab at making a determination from a lot of divided, ordinarily random data (this doesn’t even must be math related). The way of thinking originates from ideas of vastness and the majority of set hypothesis. A ton of early science (after the Dark Age) were, generally, rationalists. They were captivated by how something so basic as arithmetic could show something so theoretical and entangled as nature, but could itself become as dynamic as to not be envision capable by people (boundless, measurements more prominent than 3, and so forth.) So it is every one of the three, albeit once in a while is it all the while each of the three. One of these generally overwhelms while working with math at any one time. In any case, there have been focuses in history where every one of the three of matched and it is probably the most staggering and excellent work you’ll ever observe. Be that as it may, it had made me think in the wake of taking this course is math actually a science, a workmanship, or a way of thinking, however for more idea out reasons. Having a craftsmanship foundation and contemplating workmanship history front and back, I went to the possibility that arithmetic and craftsmanship go inseparably. (Furthermore, presently knowing this, I have a more grounded association concerning why math would be viewed as a workmanship contrasted with a substance engineer who might be bound to lean towards a more scientifical perspective on science). Math and craftsmanship have a serious long, recorded relationship. The old Egyptians and the antiquated Greeks thought about the brilliant proportion, respected and a stylishly satisfying proportion, and fused it into the structure of landmarks including the Great Pyramid, the Parthenon, and the Colosseum. There are numerous instances of specialists who have been motivated by arithmetic and have considered science as a methods for supplementing their works. The Greek artist Polykleitos recommended a progression of scientific extents for cutting the perfect male naked. Renaissance painters went to science and many, including Piero della Francesca, became achieved mathematicians themselves. Indeed, even glance at Galileo Galilei, he composed that the universe is written in the language of arithmetic, and that its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures. Then again, mathematicians have tried to decipher and examine craftsmanship through the viewpoint of geometry and levelheadedness. The entirety of this caused me to understand that this all had to do with calculations. Calculations needed to fit into the scientific connection with craftsmanship which at that point got me to the idea of algorithmic workmanship. Algorithmic craftsmanship, otherwise called calculation workmanship, is visual craftsmanship expressly created by a calculation. It is a subset of generative workmanship, and is for all intents and purposes consistently executed by a PC. Whenever executed by a PC, it is likewise classed as PC produced workmanship; ordinarily, this is generally sorted as computerized craftsmanship. Fractal craftsmanship and condition workmanship are the two su bsets of algorithmic craftsmanship. For a masterpiece to be viewed as algorithmic craftsmanship, its creation must incorporate a procedure dependent on a calculation concocted by the craftsman. Here, a calculation is basically a point by point formula for the structure and perhaps execution of a work of art, which may incorporate PC code, capacities, articulations, or other information which at last decides the structure the craftsmanship will take. This information might be scientific, computational, or generative in nature. Because calculations will in general be deterministic, implying that their rehashed execution would consistently bring about the creation of indistinguishable fine arts, some outside factor is normally presented. This can either be an arbitrary number generator or the like, or an outside assortment of information (which, I found, can run from recorded pulses to casings of a film.) Some craftsmen additionally work with naturally based gestural info which is then adjusted by a calculation. By this definition, algorithmic workmanship isn't to be mistaken for graphical strategies, for example, producing a fractal out of a fractal program; it is essentially worried about the human factor (one’s own calculation, and not one that is pre-set in a bundle). The craftsman must be worried about the most proper articulation for their thought, similarly as a painter would be generally worried about the best utilization of hues. By this definition, defaulting to something like a fractal generator (and utilizing it for all or the greater part of your manifestations) would basically be letting the PC direct the type of the last work, and not genuinely be an inventive workmanship. The artist’s independent calculations are a necessary piece of the initiation, just as being a medium through which their thoughts are passed on. However, in the wake of diving into the way that math is and can be all around delegated a workmanship, I do firmly concur that math is a science since I imagine that math can be viewed as a science in the event that you take a gander at it from the correct viewpoint. Let’s state you have a theory (envision you are Fermat or Pythagoras). How might you demonstrate that you were correct? You would do a trial (the confirmation) and come to an end result. This is the logical technique, and it fits how science is finished. Here and there it requires a significant stretch of time to do what's necessary trials to demonstrate your hypothesis. For one, I despite everything can't consider arithmetic totally a science; the two are essentially extraordinary in a significant angle: in science we need to take a gander at the real world and afterward give clarifications, generally enrolling the guide of arithmetic as a sound language where to outline our clarifications, yet math is done in numerous different circumstances past science. Unadulterated mathematicians are some of the time glad to guarantee how futile their disclosures are. In science we try. We go into the â€Å"real world,† watch marvels, return to the drawing table, and attempt to clarify these wonders. At that point we return out to the world, check whether we can anticipate another marvel before it occurs (when we can do that we for the most part say that we have found â€Å"a crucial law of nature†), and either pompously rest for the afternoon, or slither back to the drawing table, somewhat frustrated if our speculation didn't function as we expec ted. This, by and large, is the thing that we call the â€Å"scientific method.† Mathematics is extraordinary. Despite the fact that I do concur that arithmetic is turning into an exploratory control, especially with the ongoing presentation of ground-breaking figuring machines, it doesn't depend on these investigations so as to guarantee â€Å"Eureka! I have found another truth!† Mathematics requires verification, and it’s fastidious about what it believes evidence to be. For a researcher, ten trials with predictable outcomes may establish confirmation, â€Å"within exploratory error.† For a mathematician, a googolplex of effective investigations isn't sufficient verification. Rather, we depend on rationale, and this thing we call â€Å"common sense,† essential coherent standards we accept nobody will debate, fundamental guidelines. Science is all the time roused commonly, however it is an absolutely scholarly interest. It is only a lot of thoughts in our minds, similar to reasoning. In contrast to a large portion of theory, there is some â€Å"glue† to everything, some major solidarity, something we call rationale, reason, request. Unadulterated unique thinking. That’s why I here and there prefer to state that science is applied way of thinking. Reasoning affected by quite certain guidelines. At that point there’s its style. The limit of arithmetic to be a workmanship. This is one of my preferred translations. The sheer shortsighted excellence, the amazement one can feel when one peruses a whole evidence and sees each part of it, when an astonishing truth is found by obvious methods; this is an individual encounter, I think. You truly need to feel it in the substance to get it. That glimmer of understanding when an unpredictable issue has been explained. That basic wonder of seeing numerous inconsequential thoughts assembles under a solitary top of rationale and request. This is the thing that spikes the most sentimental of mathematicians to continue attempting to demonstrate that antiquated guess. By and by, for reasons unknown, I don't feel that anybody will truly recognize what math truly is. There might be a bunch of methods of how math can be characterized, regardless of whether it is a craftsmanship, a science or a way of thinking. There will consistently be feelings for and against every idea. However, with respect to me, my heart exclusively accepts that math can be totally any of the three ideas above. I feel that perhaps there are numerous oblivious individuals who couldn't care less enough to be receptive to the way that science may in certainty be each of the three. Who knows, I may have a sentiment that can be totally erroneous, however it wouldn’t be an assessment in the event that it could be refuted.

Ethical Principles In The Journalism Profession Assignment

Moral Principles In The Journalism Profession - Assignment Example Reporting fills in as one of the most significant and respectable callings, which is resolved to furnish the individuals with the most recent data in regards to the political, social, monetary, social and vital occurrences and occasions occurring in different regions and areas of the globe everywhere (Macionis 130-31). One of the most significant assignments before the writers incorporates conveying of the quick and exhaustive updates about the news related with the rulers, countries, open and societies that may catch the thought of the majority having a place with the shaft separated locales of the world. Henceforth, keeping the individuals refreshed with the quick changing geopolitical and financial situations fills in as the most essential goal according to the writers. In basic terms, imparting the updates on local, social, national and universal concerns, in light of truth and legitimacy just as without having any feelings of trepidation of being oppressed, could properly be exp ressed to be the as a matter of first importance commitment of the columnist network. Thus, disclosing the crimes, social shameful acts, the partial conduct of the compelling gatherings and networks, and bringing up the social shades of malice winning in a culture go under the rundown of the obligations ascribed to the calling of news-casting. Part IIâ€Strive for: Although the writers will undoubtedly render their administrations liberated from compulsion and dread on the one side, and fair from the ethnic, racial, territorial, strict, sex based and every single other sort of one-sided and preferential conduct; in any case, the equivalent isn't drilled in the genuine feeling of the term in any territory of the world (Harcup 138-39). By and by, there consistently show up some magnanimous and dauntless individuals in each general public, who unequivocally take a stab at social equity, fairness and individual opportunity with the desire of liberating the majority from the grip of sa vageries, subjection, and shamefulness at any expense.

From Collecting to Connecting A New Paradigm for Education

From Collecting to Connecting A New Paradigm for Education This is a guest post by Professor Toni Krasnic, author of How to Study with Mind Maps. Toni is an author, mind mapper, teacher, and student success coach. In this article, he discusses Seth Godins essay collection Stop Stealing Dreams and how mind maps can help students go from simply collecting dots to connecting dots. Stop Stealing Dreams (What Is School For?) In March 2012, Seth Godin published Stop Stealing Dreams, a provocative collection of 132 essays on improving the current education system. It struck a chord with millions of people who read the manifesto, including me. One concept that struck me in particular was the importance of “connecting.” Seth used it 57 times in the manifesto and had it in 3 headings. Section 64, reprinted below, hit home in particular and is the inspiration for this post. 64. Connecting the dots vs. collecting the dots The industrial model of school is organized around exposing students to ever increasing amounts of stuff and then testing them on it. Collecting dots. Almost none of it is spent in teaching them the skills necessary to connect dots. The magic of connecting dots is that once you learn the techniques, the dots can change but you’ll still be good at connecting them. It’s also helpful to refer back to Section 22, where Seth talks about the connection revolution and emphasizes that we live in an “era that marks the end of the industrial age and the beginning of something new is ultimately about connection.” In short, Seth is arguing that our system of schooling will be forever changed by the newly emerged connection economy. Self-Responsibility and Education Learning is not done to you. Learning is something you choose to do.  â€"Seth Godin We’ve been at school redesign and reform for many years now, and spent millions of dollars on experimenting with different solutions. Surely, many more years and dollars will be spent. However, from a learner’s perspective, the ultimate responsibility for learning still falls within students. Teachers alone cannot “produce” learning and success in students. Students need to accept that, ultimately, they are responsible for their own learning and success, and that they must take steps to learn how to learn and develop the skills they need to thrive in today’s complex world. The most important piece is that the learners become self-learners, capable of connecting the bits and connecting with people to make learning personally meaningful. Connecting Dots with Mind Maps The magic of connecting dots is that once you learn the techniques, the dots can change but you’ll still be good at connecting them.  â€" Seth Godin Mind mapping is a visual tool that helps us visualize connections between concepts (dots). A mind map is created by extending concepts and associations from a central theme in all directions. It’s like a tree, with branches extending all around. Existing associations trigger new associations and help integrate new concepts within a map, similar to what we do with concepts in our minds. Once we trigger our brain to look for associations, there’s no going back. Our brain will be forever conditioned to connect different ideas into a whole and extend the whole into yet unknown domains. Mind mapping is a tool to make this thinking visible. This ability to converge and diverge our thinking, via connections between dots, to create meaning and create new ideas, respectively, is what makes mind maps such a powerful thinking tool. Connecting People with Mind Maps Our chaotic world is open to the work of passionate individuals, intent on carving their own paths. â€" Seth Godin To connect dots, we must first discover the dots. We come across new concepts via formal connections (e.g., school) and numerous informal connections (real-world contacts and the Internet). The network of these connections, both formal and informal, is collectively called a Personal Learning Network (PLN). PLNs are created by individual learners to meet learners’ specific needs and extend learning connections to other learners around the globe who share similar interests. Mind maps are a useful tool in mapping connections of people. As with concepts, you can easily create mind maps for various PLNs that are important to you. Join the Conversation: Wiki Mind Map of Stop Stealing Dreams If you havent read Stop Stealing Dreams yet, I highly recommend you read it. It’s a great discussion starter on education. And it’s free. If youve read the book, you can join many online discussion groups, including the Wiki Mind Map group on MindMeister. Stop Stealing Dreams Wiki Mind Map, Essays 1-70 Stop Stealing Dreams Wiki Mind Map, Essays 71-132 The map skeleton of essay headings is already there, with direct links to the sections of the book. I’ve also added all the references to “connecting,” and a few other ideas that impacted me. There’s much left to add and connect, however. I hope you’ll consider contributing your reflections directly to the maps or comment below.

The Genetic Screening Dilemma Essays - 1506 Words

The Genetic Screening Dilemma The National Academy of Science defines genetic screening as the systematic search of a population for persons with latent, early, or asymptomatic disease. The term genetic testing is often used interchangeably, but differs in that it only targets those individuals believed to be at high risk for an inherited condition. Genetic screening has a much broader target population. As genetic screening becomes easier, faster, and less expensive, there is a growing debate about who should be tested, what those results should be used for, and who should have access to those results. Before addressing these questions it is necessary to understand the basic processes involved in genetic screening. The techniques†¦show more content†¦Another technique often used for genetic screening is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR requires only a very small amount of DNA. Theoretically a single molecule could be used. PCR selectively amplifies a specific region of DNA. Initially double-stranded DNA is heated to denature the hydrogen bonds which hold the strands together. Two single-stranded DNA sequences are generated. The strands are rapidly cooled, and an RNA primer which targets the sequence of interest is allowed to bind to the DNA strands. DNA polymerase then copies the strands. The result is two double-stranded DNA molecules. This cycle is repeated, and the amount of DNA is doubled each time. At present, techniques such as RFLP and PCR are still somewhat time consuming and costly, especially when dealing with many sequences, but it is probable that in the near future the cost and effort required will be greatly reduced. Through the use of DNA chip technology, in which st rands of DNA are placed on a silicon substrate, a sample could be simultaneously checked for the presence or absence of an almost unlimited number of sequences (Beese). Such a powerful technique raises many ethical and legal questions. Before genetic screening goes any further, a variety of issues need to be resolved. In order to resolve the problems associated with genetic screening, we must examine both the benefits and dangers inherent to the process.Show MoreRelated Ethical Dilemmas of Genetic Prenatal Screening Essay679 Words   |  3 Pages One of the questions that has recently plagued me has been that of which is about the genetic structuring of our offspring. I ask myself, will we able to choose the physical features our child? If so, do we as a society think this will be an ethical practice? Perhaps, scientifically, this might be entirely possible, but law will most likely restrict it. An article written by Frederic Golden helped me draw some understanding on this hot topic. Golden commences his article with a brief story ofRead MoreCase Analysis: Danville Airlines1259 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Danville Airlines has created an ethical and legal dilemma by not being accurate, precise and clear on how they are doing medical testing, causing undue stress and potentially career-ending circumstances for David Reiger, one of their best pilots. What Danville did was illegal and unethical due to negligence. David Reiger has every right to sue them to continue flying, and the medical evidence suggests that the Huntingtons disease gene can be dormant for decades before being activeRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome1415 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic and Reproductive Sciences Abstract This paper is based on genetic and reproductive science and their benefits and limitations regarding individuals, families, and society. The paper covers the screening and treatment for diabetes and what methods are used to prevent it development. 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In the case of Molly Nash, the family was not morally culpable for their decision to have another child to save Molly’s life because AdamRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Genetic Testing1088 Words   |  5 Pages Genetic Testing Bethany Espinosa Chamberlain College of Nursing July Session 2015 Genetic testing has brought about many changes in the way many couples look at conceiving and raising families. Through genetic testing you are able to screen for the increased chance that a fetus may have one of many congenital disorders, or even identify gene changes that are responsible for a disease that has already been diagnosed (Genetic Testing, March 2015). Unfortunately genetic testing is notRead MoreThe Field Of Reproductive Technology1484 Words   |  6 PagesToday’s culture has a growing fascination with biotechnology and genetic engineering. This is especially true within the field of reproductive technology. Advancements in this field has expanded family options significantly with the advent of reproductive technologies such as in vetro fertilization, embryo transplant, and varying genetic testing and screening (Finsterbusch, 2008). However, what drives humanity to want to modify humankind? Should there be limits placed on these modifications? AndRead MoreAn In vitation For Breast Cancer Screening923 Words   |  4 Pagesfor breast cancer screening Body Global incidence - cancer as a second most common type of cancer -high rate of breast cancer in high income countries Breast compression - why is necessary, mammography process explanation Risk factors – age - cancer increases with age and why -genetic factor-breast cancer in the family Advantages of breast cancer screening - effective method, non-invasive Conclusion Breast screening=early detection= earlyRead MoreGenetic Testing : Types Of Medical And Forensic Tests1715 Words   |  7 Pages Genetic Testing WHAT IS GENETIC TESTING? Genetic Testing is the process of using medical and forensic tests to identify and analyse a human, animal or plant DNA sequence. It can reveal changes or mutations in your genes that may result in illness and disease. TYPES OF TESTING Presymptomatic and predictive testing If you have a family history of a condition, undergoing genetic testing before you have symptoms may reveal if you re at risk for developing that condition Carrier testing If youRead MoreEthics Of Computing And The Internet1173 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of the People Inside the topic of health care system ethic is implicit the pregnancy dilemma. This wide topic can include hundreds of pages; herein we are going to cover principal’s data of this essential topic in today’s lives. Pregnancy includes a debate for more than 4 decades and some topics that affect not only mothers even child, there are many dilemmas surrounding this controversial topic, where some argue one specific thing and much other argue another thingsRead MoreEthics Of Computing And The Internet1173 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of the People Inside the topic of health care system ethic is implicit the pregnancy dilemma. This wide topic can include hundreds of pages; herein we are going to cover principal’s data of this essential topic in today’s lives. Pregnancy includes a debate for more than 4 decades and some topics that affect not only mothers even child, there are many dilemmas surrounding this controversial topic, where some argue one specific thing and much other argue another things

The High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles - 1748 Words

The high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For more than a century, the predominant strategy for treatment and punishments of serious and sometimes not-so-serious juveniles offenders in the US has been placement into large juvenile corrections institutions† (Mendel, 2013, p.4). During the 18th and early 19th century, the judicial system harshly reprimanded youth and confined them in overcrowded penitentiary institutions with populations of adult offenders and the severely mentally ill (Center on Juvenile and Criminal Jus tice, 2014). Federal level policy protection of juveniles, who committed crimes and were sentenced to punishment by confinement, was not recognized until the Juveniles Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act was passed in 1974. The JJDP Act required that â€Å"(1) youth offenders were to have â€Å"sight and sound separation from adult offenders to prevent any contact between the two groups; (2) youth who have committed status offenses (i.e. curfew, truancy, alcohol possession, etc.) could not be placed in aShow MoreRelatedRacism: Incarceration of a Household Member and Hispanic Health Disparities1344 Words   |  6 Pagesof racism are far behind; however it is clear that institutional racism still exists in this country. One way of viewing this institutional racism is looking at our nation’s prison system and how the incarceration rates are skewed towards African American men. The reasons for the incarceration rate disparity are argued and different between races, but history p oints out and starts to show the reason of why the disparity began. Families and children of the incarcerated are adversely affected due toRead MoreSynthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration Into Adult Prisons1414 Words   |  6 PagesBoettcher 10/21/15 Pd.3 Synthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration into Adult Prisons Childhood is a time in which memories are created, adventures are explored and social awareness begins to develop. The events that occur during childhood are pivotal in the development of a healthy and substantial life. However, what if those experiences were taken from a child? What would the outcome be if a child could not experience what it is like to be young? 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Incarcerating youth have posed greater problems such as expenses, limited education, lack of employment, and effect on juveniles’ mental and physical well-being. In today’s society there has been an increase in the crimes committed by juveniles. Most juveniles have underliningRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The United States1044 Words   |  5 Pages2016), of whom many are juveniles. It is well documented that youths who enter this system are more likely to suffer a host of negative health and lifestyle outcomes, such as alcohol/drug abuse, high school dropout, and mental health problems. Such phenomena occur in stark contrast with the aims of the US juvenile justice system, which supposedly intends to help offending youths re-assimilate back into society as productive citizens. As previously mentioned, incarceration often leads to poor mentalRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Urban Areas1557 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1942, Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay produced Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas, which aimed to explain crime in urban communities using social disorganization theory. Elliot and Merrill (1934) define social disorganiz ation as â€Å"a breakdown in the equilibrium of forces, a decay in the social structure, so that old habits and forms of social control no longer function effectively† (p.20). Using this definition and the ecological approach, Shaw and McKay argue that low economic status, ethnicRead MoreAnalysis Of Juvenile Justice Programs893 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile crimes in North Carolina are at an eight year high. Instead of funding more detention facilities across North Carolina, the  state should provide the funding for implementing effective treatments and programs to offer a chance of rehabilitation. Juveniles are  faced with lockdown facilities that suppresses cognitive growth and development. 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United States Courts would exercise the principle of â€Å"parens patriae† to place the female in detention as a form of punishment for misbehavior (Sherman, 2012, pp. 1589-1590). This principle also remains prevalent as it p ertains to how the juvenile justice system currently responds to juvenile female offendersRead MoreAutomatic Transfer Law: An Effective Policy? 1218 Words   |  5 Pagesa national study of how the juvenile court judge weighs the pertinent Kent criteria. This criterion is based on the potential risk to the community, the maturity of character and amenability to intervention. The purpose of this study is three fold, first to test the juvenile court judges beliefs regarding the mechanics of how juveniles are transferred, second to examine the judges beliefs about the usefulness of data presented of them and third determined how juvenile judges weigh pertinent psychological

Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave Free Essays

â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? † was first published in the Saturday Review on September 27, 1913, then in Thomas Hardy’s 1914 collection, satires of Circumstance: Lyrics and Reveries with Miscellaneous Pieces. The poem reflects Hardy’s interest in death and events beyond everyday reality, but these subjects are presented humorously, with a strong dose of irony and satire. This treatment is somewhat unusual for Hardy, who also produced a number of more serious poems concerning death. We will write a custom essay sample on Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave or any similar topic only for you Order Now In â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging On My Grave? † a deceased woman carries on a dialogue with an individual who is disturbing her grave site. The identity of this figure, the â€Å"digger† of the woman’s grave is unknown through the first half of the poem (Ruby 1). As the woman attempts to guess who the digger is, she reveals her desire to be remembered by various figures she was acquainted with when she was alive. In a series of ironic turns, the responses of the digger show that the woman’s acquaintances a loved one, family relatives, and a despised enemy have all forsaken her memory. Finally it is revealed that the digger is the woman’s dog, but the canine too, is unconcerned with his former mistress and is digging only so it can bury a bone. Though the poem contains a humorous tone, the picture Hardy paints is bleak. The dead are almost completely eliminated from the memory of the living and do not enjoy any form of contentment This somber outlook is typical of Hardy’s verse, which often presented a skeptical and negative view of the human condition (Ruby 1). Hardy was born in 1840 and raised in the region of Dorestshire, England, the basis for the Wessex countryside that would later appear in his fiction and poetry. He attended a local school until he was sixteen, when his mother paid a lot of money for him to be apprenticed to an architect in Dorchester. In 1862 he moved to London, where he worked as an architect, remaining there for a period of five years. Between 1865 and 1867 Hardy wrote many poems, none of which were published. In 1867 he returned to Dorchester and, while continuing to work in architecture, began to write novels in his spare time. Hardy became convinced that if he was to make a living writing, he would have to do so as a novelist (Ruby 2). Drawing on the way of life he absorbed in Dorsetshire as a youth and the wide range of English writers with which he as familiar, Hardy spent nearly thirty years as a novelist before devoting himself to poetry. In 1874 Hardy married Emma Lavinia Gifford, who would become subject of many of his poems. They spent several years in happiness until the 1880s, when marital troubles began to shake the closeness of their union. Hardy’s first book of verse was published in 1898, when he was fifty-eight years old and had achieved a large degree of success as a novelist. Although his verse was not nearly as successful as his novels, Hardy continued to focus on his poetry and published seven more books of verse before his death, developing his confidence (Ruby2). With the composition of the Dynasts: A Drama of the Napoleonic Wars (1904-08) an epic historical drama written in verse, Hardy was hailed as a major poet. He was praised as a master of his craft, and his writing was admired for its great emotional force and technical skill. Hardy continued to write until just before his death in 1928. Despite his wish to be buried with his family, influential sentiment for his burial in Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey instigated a severe compromise: the removal of his heart, which was buried in Dorchester, and the cremation of his body, which was interred in the Abbey (Ruby 2). The structure of â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging On My Grave? † is a familiar one, although not one commonly associated with poetry: the joke. A situation is established and briefly developed, then the punch line turns everything on its head. In Hardy’s bitter joke a dead woman has high- flown expectations of the living: her loved one will remain forever faithful to her; her family will continue to look after her exactly as they did in life: and even her enemy’s hatred will not wane. The poem’s punch line deflates her hopes and reveals them as vain and ridiculous. Hardy sets up his joke carefully, with a poet’s attention to the language he uses (Ruby 4). The atmosphere is set in the first two lines. A sigh from the grave seems to signal profound meditation on morality and love. The phrasing of the two lines is almost self-consciously â€Å"poetic. † Such language is maintained throughout the first three stanzas. Expressions like â€Å"planting rue,† â€Å"Death’s gin. † â€Å"The Gate that shuts on all flesh† portray feeling that is heightened, more sensitive and authentic than every day, emotion (Ruby 4). They awaken a sense of tragedy and compassion in the reader, But Hardy is merely setting us up for the punch line. They tone of the poem’s language begins begins to change in the fourth stanza. One hardly notices it, so great is the reader’s surprise that it was a little dog that was poeticizing all along. The first seeds of doubt have been planted: this poem may not be exactly what it at first seemed. The dead woman recognizes the dog’s voice and utters the article of faith she feels most deeply: a dog’s love outshines anything human (Ruby 4). But when the dog replies, the reader realizes that Hardy is up to something else. The â€Å"poetry† and sentimentality have vanished. The dog’s voice is as ordinary and plainspoken as that of the Wessex country folk. He deflates her last hope so offhandedly and without pretense that its effect is brutal. At the same time the dead woman’s expectations about her lover, her family and enemy are portrayed as products of the same ridiculous sentimental outlook (Hardy 4). â€Å"After coming to the end of ‘Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? ’ the reader realizes that the title would have been more accurate even if less interesting if called, â€Å"Oh No One Is Digging on My Grave. ’ † (Ruby 10). How to cite Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave, Essay examples

Animal Farm Animal Satire Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm: Animal Satire Essay A Research PaperTable Of ContentSABSTRACT iACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii1.CHAPTERTHE AUTHOR: GEORGE ORWELL 11.1.PRESENTATION 11.2.HIS LIFE 11.3.HIS TIME: POLITICAL BACKGROUND 41.3.1. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 51.3.2. THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 71.4.ORWELL AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 81.5.ANIMAL FARM 92.CHAPTERSATIRE 132.1.PRESENTATION 132.2.WHAT IS SATIRE? 132.2.1. DEFINITION 132.2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF SATIRE 142.2.3. TECHNIQUES OF SATIRE 173.CHAPTERMETHOD OF RESEARCH 193.1.PRESENTATION 193.2.PROCEDURE 194.CHAPTERANIMAL FARM AS SATIRE 214.1.PRESENTATION 214.2.ELEMENTS OF SATIRE IN ANIMAL FARM 214.2.1. SUMMARY OF THE PLOT 224.2.2. SATIRICAL TECHNIQUES IN ANIMAL FARM 244.2.2.1.APPROACH TO THE SUBJECT 244.2.2.2.VIEW POINT 264.2.2.3.CHARACTERISATION 274.2.2.4.IRONY 344.2.2.5.COMPARISON OF ANIMAL FARM ANDTHE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 435.CHAPTERCONCLUSION 495.1.SUMMARY OF THE STUDY 495.2.CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY 49REFERENCES 51ABSTRACTAnimal Farm as Political SatireKORKUT, RydvanSupervisor: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Joshua M . BearThis study aims to determine that George Orwells Animal Farm is apolitical satire which was written to criticise totalitarianregimes and particularly Stalins practices in Russia. In order toprovide background information that would reveal causes led Orwellto write Animal Farm, Chapter one is devoted to a brief summary ofthe progress of authors life and significant events that hadimpact on his political convictions. Chapter one also presentsbackground information about Animal Farm. Chapter two is devotedto satire. In this chapter, definition of satire is presented andsome important characteristics of satire are discussed. In chapterthree, the method of this research is described. Under the lightof information presented in the previous chapters, Chapter fourdiscusses Animal Farm and focuses on the book as a politicalsatire. The last chapter presents the conclusion of this study. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would first like to express my sincere thanks to my thesissupervisor, Assoc.Prof. Dr. Jashua M. Bear for his help andfreedom he gave me in this study. Without his understanding thisthesis would never have been completed. I also wish to thank my sister Fidan Korkut for her suggestions inthe planning stage of this study and her endurance during my longstudy days at home. My special thanks go to ?zg?r Ceylan, who constantly granted meher moral support. She was always there when I needed her. CHAPTERTHE AUTHOR: GEORGE ORWELLPresentationThis chapter introduces general information about George Orwellslife. It includes chronological progress of his life and hispolitical convictions. Furthermore, important events, such as TheRussian Revolution and The Spanish Civil War which had significantinfluence on his commitment to write Animal Farm will bediscussed. Lastly, general information about Animal Farm will begiven. His LifeThe British author George Orwell, pen name of Eric Arthur Blair,was born in Motihari, India, June 25, 1903. His father was animportant British civil servant in India, which was then part ofthe British Empire. A few years after Eric was born, he retired ona low pension and moved back to England. Though their income wasnot much enough, the Blair family sent their son away to boardingschool which was an exclusive preparatory school, to prepare himfor Eton Collage. Eric then won a scholarship to Eton Collage. During his education from the age of eight to eighteen, as hewrote in his essay about his school experiences titled Such, SuchWere the Joys, he experienced many things about the world wherethe prime necessities were money, titled relatives, athleticism,tailor-made clothes, inequality, oppression and classdistinctions in the schools of England (In Ball,1984). After the education at Eton College in England, Eric joined theIndian Imperial Police in British-Ruled Burma in 1922. There hewitnessed oppression again, but this time he was looking at thingsfrom the top. Having served five years in Burma, he resigned in1927 and turned back to Europe and lived in Paris for more than ayear. Though he wrote novels and short stories he found nobody toget them published. He worked as a tutor and even as a dishwasherin Paris. During his poor days in Paris, he once more experiencedthe problems of the oppressed, the helpless and lower classpeople. In 1933, After having many experiences about the life at thebottom of society, he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London andpublished it under his pen name George Orwell. After a year in1934 he published his novel Burmese Days, which he reflected hisexperiences there. Then, he published A Clergymans Daughter in1935, and Keep the Aspidistra Flying in 1936. In 1936, his publisher wanted Orwell to go to the English coal-mining country and write about it which was another importantexperience in his life. He wrote The Road to Wigan Pier to reflectwhat he saw there, the real poverty of people of the LancashireTown of Wigan, and published it in 1937 (Ball, 1984). 1937 was the year that Orwell who for some time had beendescribing himself as pro-socialist (BALL, 1984) joined theRepublican forces in the Spanish Civil War. When the Communistsattempted to eliminate their allies on the far left, he foughtagainst them and was wounded in the fighting, later was forced toflee for his life. His experience in this war was to have the mostsignificant impact on his political thoughts and his later works. In 1938, Orwell wrote Homage to Catalonia, which recounts hisexperiences fighting for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. One of his best-known books reflecting his lifelong distrust ofdictatorial government, whether of the left or right, Animal Farm,a modern beast-fable attacking Russian Revolution, Stalinism andtotalitarianism, was published in 1945, and Nineteen Eighty-Four,a dystopian novel setting forth his fears of an intrusivelybureaucratised state of the future was published in 1949. Hisfirst fame was brought by these two novels and they were the onlyones which made a profit for him as a writer (Ball,1984). Orwell died at the early age of forty-seven of a neglected lungailment in London, Jan. 21, 1950. His Time: Political BackgroundIn his essay Why I Write, Orwell (1947) says:I do not think one can assess a writers motives without knowingsomething of his early development. His subject matter will bedetermined by the age he lives in_at least this is true intumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own_Taking Orwells his own words into consideration, in order to geta better understanding of his works and particularly of hispolitical satire Animal Farm, we should look at his politicalconvictions, and the historical context which influenced Orwelland inspired him to write. Very few authors develop essaysexplaining the motivation behind their writing. Orwell was of onethem. Therefore in order to understand his motivations, his essayWhy I Write would be the most appropriate source to be lookedat. Orwell was a political writer and according to him he was `forcedto be a writer by the circumstances under which he has becomeaware of his `political loyalties. His Burma and Paris daysincreased his `natural hatred of authority and `made him aware ofthe existence of the working classes.(Orwell, 1947)As mentioned above, he described himself as pro-Socialist. Whathe was longing for was a society in which there would be no classdistinctions, and he named his ideal ideology democraticsocialism. He says every line of serious work that I havewritten since 1936 has been directly or indirectly, againsttotalitarianism and for democratic socialism (Orwell, 1947)There are two significant events that have great influence onOrwells political thoughts: The Russian revolution that tookplace in the second decade of 20th century and The Spanish CivilWar between 1936 and 1939. The Russian RevolutionBolshevik Revolution of October 1917 was the first greatrevolution which aimed at to overthrow the owners of the means ofproduction, that is Capitalist Bourgeoisie, and to establish astate to be ruled by the working class, the Proletariat. Ideological basis of the revolution was taken from the philosophyof Karl Marx and Frederick Angels who believed that the history ofthe world was the history of a struggle between classes- betweenruling classes and ruled classes (Han?erliodlu, 1976). Marx wasvery critical of industrial capitalist society in which there aremany cruel injustices and men are exploited by men. Out of hisanalysis of Capitalist system, he attained a vision of endingthese injustices and establishing a society in which there wouldbe no social classes and everybody would be equal. To him, inorder to achieve this end the only way was a revolution made bythe working class or the Proletariat against the Bourgeoisie. After revolution working classes would own the means ofproduction. Marx called the new order that would be set afterrevolution dictatorship of the Proletariat which eventuallyreplaced with a classless society (Han?erliodlu, 1976). In October 1917, V.I. Lenin, led the socialist (Bolshevik)revolution in Russia. After the revolution was a four-year bloodycivil war. During this war Red Army of the revolution organisedand headed by Leon Trotsky had to fight against both Russians whowere loyal to Czar and foreign troops (The Academic AmericanEncyclopaedia, 1995). After Lenin died in 1924, a struggle between Joseph Stalin andLeon Trotsky started for the leadership of the Communist Party. Stalin gained priority over Trotsky and; in 1925 Trotsky withseveral other members ousted from Politburo (the chief executiveand political committee of the Communist Party); in 1927 Trotskyand his followers expelled from Party; Stalin took the control. Later Trotsky was exiled and in 1929 he was deported. In 1940 hewas assassinated. During this period, Stalin always denouncedTrotsky as a traitor (Ball, 1929). Dickens calls his novel Hard Times EssayBozkurt (1977), offers two fundamental types of satire: Horatianand Juvenalian satire. These types are named for two Roman poetsHorace and Jevenal, the most differentiated practitioner of them. As Bozkurt reports, both of them were critical of the Romansociety but while the former was more gentle, urbane, smiling andtolerant, the latter was severe and angry. Horatian satire ispurpose is to sort out society through a gentle and broadlysympathetic laughter. On the other hand, Juvelian satire isbitter, angry, misanthropic or cynical. It approaches to itssubject with a degrading and disrespecting manner (Bozkurt, 1977,p. 68). Characteristics of SatirePeople, in their everyday life, always use satire in order torespond several events going on in their environs. The mainpurpose of using satire is to attack and intensely criticise thetarget subject. It also includes aggressiveness toward the subjectbeing criticised. As a matter of fact, satire should include morethan these in order to be accepted as a satirical work. It must,for instance, include aesthetic features like different sound andmeaning patterns that can give pleasure to the readers. Furthermore, the satirist should deal with problematic subjectsthat are known by many people. In doing so, the satirist shouldabstract the setting of satire from the world. Mostly, thisimaginary world is of non-human beings, as in beast fables likeAnimal Farm or, as in Gullivers Travels and Alice in Wonderland,a world that possibly would not exist or in which the real worldis turned upside down. Primary reason for abstraction is to movereaders from the concrete reality, and so, while entertaining themthrough a fantastic setting to provide them with a criticalvision. Richard (1976) calls this element of satire fantasy. Hesays. The satirist does not paint an objective picture of the evils hedescribes, since pure realism would be too oppressive. Instead heusually offers us a travesty of the situation, which at oncedirects our attention to actuality and permits an escape from it. It is written for entertainment, but contains sharp andtelling comments on the problems of the world in which we live,offering `imaginary gardens with real toads in them. As mentioned above, people approach problems, subjects etc. indifferent ways so do authors. The satirist differs from authors ofother types of literature with regard to its way of dealing withhis subject. In novel or drama, for example, the target subject isdealt with directly. In the Cherry Orchard, Chekhov deals withsocial change in Russia and how people react to it. His charactersare real persons that can be found in the society as they aredescribed in the play. On the hand, it is impossible to find areal Napoleon or Lilliputian in a society. Since, they are justsymbols of particular types of people. In this sense, the satirist use high level of symbolism. Onereason for using symbols might be that it provides the author withan absolute freedom to attack his targets through their images hecreated which seemingly have no relation with the reality. AsRichard (1976) notices, the satirist often aims at to deflatefalse heroes, imposters or charlatans, who claim a respect whichis not their due, the vehicle he chooses for this is usually themock-heroic. Therefore, in order to operate his attack andmockery towards these so-called heroes who might be leaders of acountry or people of prestigiousness, without any restriction thesatirist uses symbols. Since the main topic of satire is politics which is throughout thehistory considered a dirty business, writing political satire isvery risky, but on the other hand it would be very rewardful. Asremarked before, after he published his two satires, Animal Farmand Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell was to be one of the greatestauthors of literature, as mentioned above he hardly find apublisher for Animal Farm, and published it after a year hefinished it. In order to achieve his end says Richard (1976), the satiristmust use some of the basic strategies of satire. He also shouldcommit himself boldly to his `impure subject, yet retain apurity of attitude, in his aesthetic disengagement from thevulgarities and stupidities of the struggle. Richard (1976)continues his argument by adding that what distinguishes satirefrom other kinds of literature is its approach to the subject. Therefore its subject-matter forms the most important aspect ofsatire. Despite he introduces the cruellest facts of life, thesatirist mean to make people laugh and In order to make peoplelaugh, he employs some techniques. Techniques of SatireThe satirist may use different forms of literature in prose orverse. But for the satirist some particular techniques arenecessary to achieve his aim. Richard (1976) suggests two maintechniques that the satirist use: the first one is reduction andthe other one is invective and irony. Reduction is the act of decreasing or reducing something. It isthe main means of the satirist to attack his subject. People canmore easily criticise those who they can laugh at. Since, laughterloosen muscles and is anatomically relaxing. if you laugh atsomeone, then your critical mechanism are set free, your criticismis revealed easily. Through reduction the satirist aims at to makethe reader laugh at his subject. Degrading, says Richard (1976)may be employed on the level of plot and will almost he continuedto the level of style and language. He puts Gullivers Travels asthe most outstanding example of reduction. Animal world iscontinually used by the satirist for this aim. Invective is the expression of bitter deep-seated ill will. As itcan be expected the satirist, writing satire, expose himself tocounter-attacks by those who attacked. Richard (1976 )says:this danger becomes the greater, the more the writer is committedto invective and abuse. Invective is of course one of his mostuseful weapons, and it is an art its own: it requires elegance ofform to set off grossness of content, and learned allusiveness toset off open insult. But although invective has the sanction ofholy writ, the best satirist use it only occasionally, for shockeffect (p.130). Irony is one of the figure of speeches. It includes the reversemeaning of what is said. It is one of the main devices of whichthe satirist make use. As Richard (1976) wrote,Irony assumes double meaning and double audience one of which isdeceived by the surface meaning of the words, and another thatcatches the hidden sense and laughs with the deceiver at theexpense of the deceived. In order to operate irony, the satiristuses imaginary or fictional characters or events by which s/heallow the double flow of meaning to be maintained (p.130). ChapterMETHOD OF RESEARCHPresentationThis chapter is concerned with the procedure of the research whichwas carried out to collect necessary sources for the study andmethod of the study. ProcedureSince the subject of this study mainly concerns with GeorgeOrwells Animal Farm, first the book was read. After reading thebook, sources about George Orwells life and Animal Farm werecited. When investigating Orwells intention in writing the bookand his political convictions, mainly his essays were used asprimary sources. During this period it was found that the SpanishRevolution was of great influence. Information on the Spanish Warwas mainly drawn from secondary sources. Since the book is strongly related to the Russian Revolution,Socialism, Communism and Marxism, several sources and Internetsites were searched for to find out important dates and events inthe Revolution, and to gather basic information about theprinciples of above maintained ideologies. In the parts related tothese subjects of the study, again, mostly secondary sources wereused. Information about Satire is mainly drawn from secondary sources. Finally, comparison of Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution interms of characters, events and some specific elements, mainlybased on the information gathered from primary and secondarysources. ChapterANIMAL FARM AS SATIREPresentationIn this chapter, under the light of information given in thechapter-1 and chapter-2, Animal Farm will be examined. It aims atto show the elements of satire in Animal Farm, and to comparecharacters, events and some elements of Animal Farm and TheRussian RevolutionElements of Satire In Animal FarmOrwell, as quoted before, clearly explains that his main purposefor writing Animal Farm was to write a satire on the RussianRevolution (In Shelden, 1991, p.399). Through animal satire,Orwell attacks on the Stalins practices in Russia and in widerscope, on totalitarian regimes. Taking Bozkurts (1977)classification into consideration, Animal Farm would be said to bea Juvenial satire. Since, it is clearly seen that Orwell bitterlycriticise Russian Communism and Stalin. Summary of The PlotOne night after Farmer Jones has gone to bed drunk, all theanimals of Manor Farm meet in the barn for a meeting. Old Major,the prize Middle White boar, wants to tell them about a strangedream he had. First, he narrate the nature of life as he hascome to understand it. Animals, though work very hard

Managers and Leaders Role in an Organization

Managers and leaders fall under leadership and management categories within an organization; therefore, the two must go hand in hand. However, leadership and management are not the same. Therefore, a manager and a leader have different roles within an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managers and Leaders Role in an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a leader involves people in the running of a firm through empowering and directing them to do activities in the right way, managers, on the other hand, are concerned with doing things right irrespective of other key aspects like the dreams, vision, and future of both employees and the company. Managers act as supervisors. According to Warren Bennis, â€Å"Managers do things right but leaders do the right things† (Leadership is not the same as Management, 2011). A further illustration of the differences shows that a leader acts as a gu ider while managers manage tasks. In this aspect, leaders can inspire employees, thus motivating them to work towards achieving the strategic goals and objectives of the company, as well as assisting them overcome their weaknesses. Managers control people and systems, with less one-on-one engagement with workers. Again, leaders never accept situations the way they are; they are risk-takers and have innovative minds to meet challenges in order to get the best out of any strategy (What is the Difference Between Management and Leadership?, n.d.). With little time to challenges the way things are in an organization, managers often accept the way a system operates. In HRM, managers are involved in planning, organizing, staffing, monitoring, developing, and assessing business operations (Hickman, 1990). As the overall in management, managers have to be problem solvers, decision makers, and cheerleaders. The mentioned roles and responsibilities require that a manager have to possess varied skills, from technical, human to conceptual skills, in order to handle different situations within the management. A leader has the responsibility to direct, coach, support, and delegate tasks to employees. In delegating tasks, leaders give employees opportunities to increase their skill base, as well as carry out fairness in rating of employees in order to win their commitments unconditionally. Leaders believe in collective responsibility as away of accomplishing goals and objectives of an organization (Gilley, 2005). Since leaders have to be accountable to almost all final decisions and their impacts, they have to ensure that everyone comprehends clearly their duties. Clearly, it is the role of a leader to inform and educate his/her followers on what they should do.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given that the entire concepts involved in leadership entail negotiation an d guidance, a good leader have to be non-political in assigning and explaining the roles and responsibilities of the subordinates, as the move makes the process objective. After delegating activities and coaching employees, leaders should be confident that the staff would be capable of meeting their targets, and even be ready to give advice to those who come back during the process. In role clarification, leaders have to ensure that job descriptions do not have overlap of responsibilities (Leadership management, 2004). In addition, good leaders have to be ready to listen to views of employees or staffs in order to avoid wrong circumstances that may arise due to wrong delegation of responsibilities to a group that lacks the required skills. A manager can be good if he/she leads from the front by acting as an example and facilitating activities based on the background of an organization. Besides, a good manager has to show employees that h/she values their work at all time. He/she mu st set out clear goals that employees will comprehend easily, thus assisting in meeting the objectives of an organization. The mentioned qualities will make both a leader and a manager competent in handling interests of all stakeholders in a firm. References Gilley, A. M. (2005). The manager as change leader. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. Hickman, C. R. (1990). Mind of a manager, soul of a leader. New York: Wiley.  Leadership management. (2004). Leeds: Topss England. Leadership is not the same as Management. (2011, May 4). Skills You Need. Retrieved from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/lead/leader-vs-manager.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managers and Leaders Role in an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What is the Difference Between Management and Leadership?. (n.d.). Management RSS. Retrieved from http://guides.wsj.com/management/developing-a-leadership-style/what-is-the-difference-be tween-management-and-leadership/ This essay on Managers and Leaders Role in an Organization was written and submitted by user Rosemary Wolfe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Snow White essays

Snow White essays Throughout history, people from across the land and oceans have found that folklore and stories that they have shared have similarities that tie them together. Folklore enables readers to view the spiritual and material aspect of any different culture that can be transmitted orally or by observation. Most stories and folklore have been known to be passed from one generation to the next by word of mouth or written text. Many know the stories of Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood and Snow White, but what many people do not know is that in countries like China, Russia, France, Italy, and the United States there are stories that resemble the same. Cultures can well define the values that make each society different but there are many beliefs that lie within the values that keep our societies quite the same. In the story of Snow White a child can learn the consequence of what being vain can do to a person or drive a person to do and the constant battle between good and evil. Though the title of the story changes with different cultures the moral of the story seems to stay the same. The German version of the story is called Little Snow-White, the Italians call the story The Young Slave or The Crystal Casket, and in Scotland it is called Gold-Tree and Silver-Tree. The version that is told by the U.S. and the one that is most popular with companies like, Disney is that of the tale of a young woman that is the daughter of a king and queen. The queen though beautiful herself cannot cope with the fact that an enchanted mirror has told her that it is her daughter that is the fairest of them all. So the story goes on with the queen wanting her daughter dead and sends a servant to do the killing but the servant is struck by her beauty, cannot bring himself to do the crime, and banishes her to the forest. There Snow White is forced to find shelter in the home of seven dwarfs ...

HMLS 310 Week 6 conference Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HMLS 310 Week 6 conference - Coursework Example It is evidential that the development of new technologies that have emerged during the mid-1990s has led to the establishment of internet based application referred to as the social media. This include blogs, discussions forums, you tube channels, Facebook and twitter. Most importantly, social media has played an increasing role in emergencies and disasters. This report summarizes how social media has been used by emergency management officials and agencies. It also evaluates the potential benefits and consequences of using social media in the context of emergency and disasters. Generally in the anthrax attacks, social media would have been used as a medium for conducting emergency communications and issue warnings, receive victim’s requests for assistance, monitoring user’s activities and postings to determine situational awareness and using downloaded images to create damage estimates among others(1). For instance in the attacks, social media would have been used to pass notifications by the use of Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), emergency warnings and alerts to citizens. Besides, social media would have been used to alert emergency officials on the anthrax attacks by monitoring the flow of information from different sources to help in the reduction of the number of casualties. Risk communication refers to the interactive process of exchanging information and opinion among individuals, groups, and institutions involving multiple messages about the nature of risk. It is a science based programme for communicating accurately and effectively in cases of extreme stress and concerns. Moreover, risk communication skills are imperative for the successful management of crises. One way to achieve effective risk communication especially in the case of anthrax attack is through message mapping. This refers to the tool of risk communicator that

Human resourse management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human resourse management - Essay Example Under theories such as Maslows hierarchy of needs, attempts to generate increased employee motivation to work toward accomplishment of organisational goals is the basis behind pay-for-performance schemes. An organisation sets the firms objectives and similar targets for expected performance levels by employees by appealing to a primary desire: Increased wages. It is a logical assessment to offer that that most of todays employees choose to work for a company in the primary pursuit of generating a quality income. Under Maslows theory, the security offered by increased job-related compensation is a primary element behind employee motivation. In essence, without granting the employee additional incentive pay, while appealing to their motivational needs, generating any measurable increases in performance toward business-related targets is quite difficult. For instance, a company cannot motivate an employee by utilising rigid and controlling management policies, such as management by threat, therefore companies must establish a system by which employees can work toward targets and guarantee a reward for meeting these expectations. This is a significant reason why companies continue to maintain pay-for-performance schemes, as there are very few methods to appeal to the employees personal desires. It is basically implied that many employees cannot be sufficiently motivated without the use of monetary incentives, therefore simply offering additional performance-related compensation gives the employee a strong motivational objective to meet the companys long-term strategic goals. Additionally, to appease the external shareholders, many organisations continue to use pay-for-performance schemes despite their ineffectiveness. Shareholders maintain a significant influence in todays businesses as they are highly invested in, therefore interested in, ensuring that a firm meets its organisational objectives for growth and profitability. Companies issue their

Consumer Decision Making Model

Consumer Decision Making Model The consumers decision making model deals with the process of consumer decision making. This model consists of three stages the Input stage; the Process stage and the out put stage. The input stage can be broadly categorized into Firms efforts and Socio-cultural Environment. The firms efforts relate to the firms marketing mix, i.e. Product, Promotion, Price, Channels of Distribution, People and Physical evidence. This stage involves the activities the firm undergoes to sell their products. Socio-cultural environment on the other hand is the environment of friends, family, society, culture and sub culture that surround a consumer. The input stage affects a consumers decision making. The decision-making is the second stage called process. In this stage the consumer does him pre-purchase research and evaluation based on the firms efforts and socio-cultural environment. The firms efforts and socio-cultural environment influence a consumers psychological field. The psychological field consists of Motivation, Perception, Learning, Attitude and Personality of a consumer. This stage also evaluates the past experience of the consumer. The final stage in the consumer decision-making is the Output stage. This stage is concerned with the actual purchase, repurchase and the purchase evauation. Cognitive View Cognitive View explains decision making from the thinking problem solvers perspective. According to Cognitive view, decision-making is an emotional or reasoning process, which can be rational or irrational and can be based on explicit assumptions or tacit assumptions. The most important characteristic of this view is that, a consumer is in pursuit of information until a satisfactory solution is found. Once the satisfactory solution is found, the process of collecting information is terminated. Problem solving view defines a consumer who lies between the two extremes of passive and economic view. It is believed that a consumer cannot have all the knowledge of all the alternative products. Hence the consumers decisions are not perfect. But nevertheless the consumer actively seeks information and attempts to make satisfactory decision. In a cognitive view, the consumer has a predefined goal. The next step is action plan or way to achieve the goal. The third step is implementation of this action plan and controlling it. The final step is attainment or failure of Goal. Consumer Decision Making and Cognitive Learning. As defined earlier, the first step in any decision-making is a need reorganization or goal. A consumers cognitive learning is related to pre-purchase search and evaluation of alternatives. For example, if a person is looking to buy a car he will first decide what features does he want in his vehicle. Whether his first preference is safety or performance. Based on this evaluation he will evaluate various car models available in the market. The consumers psychological field will come into play once he has identified his goal. The cognitive learning combined with attitude, personality and previously will form a perception in a consumers mind. This perception will thus motivate a consumer make a purchase decision. Marketers Efforts A firms marketing efforts play a very important role in influencing cognitive learning process. Over the years the marketers has provided the consumers with information to make them believe that they have sufficient knowledge and thus spur the decision making process. The best example of this can be seen as the Free or Sale adverts. These adverts convey that something is free or there is a sale on. This Free or Sale sticker on the window display of store is enough to attract the consumers inside the store. Marketers have used Promotional Model and Diffusion of Innovation to influence the consumers cognitive learning. The promotional model focuses on Attention, Interest, Desire and Action. The Sale sign is to attract the costumers attention. Up to 50% off written under the sale sign is to create interest. Store design and reduced prices to instigate the desire and marketing campaign to cause Action. There is silent need of a consumer to buy clothes. The moment the consumer comes across the Sale sign, the final piece of information is received that instigates action. The marketers over time introduce new technology and new products, using the Innovation Diffusion, to affect the persons cognitive learning and thus drive sales. Various automotive companies use the cognitive model to understand their customer and hence sell their cars. The purchases such as cars, which are expensive, are generally well thought out. The customers generally do a through pre-purchase research and evaluate their alternatives before making the purchase. Hence to attract these customers, the marketers promote their products with test drives, and other adverts that focus mainly on the features of the vehicles. Hierarchy of Needs It can be argued that people looking to satisfying self-actualization need may need complete information about a product. Their cognitive learning process may vary from that of those aiming to satisfying physiological, safety, social and esteem needs. But nevertheless, cognitive learning is ideal for satisfying every need on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. The degree of information gathered might vary, but learning and information processing will be constant at each level. Passive View Passive view believes that can be manipulated by self-serving interests and promotional efforts of the marketers. To a certain extent this model can be believed to be true. But the passive model does not recognize that a consumer plays an equal role in making the purchase decision. The consumer does make pre-purchase search and evaluation before buying goods. This model can be applicable in case of B2C where the customer is absolutely unaware of good and the marketer is in position to manipulate the consumers. This is mainly evident in case of tourists. Local sellers and marketers in many places often manipulate tourists. Since the tourists have very little market and product knowledge, sales people can manipulate them. In case of B2B application of passive model is highly debatable, as business men and companies generally go through a through research and back ground check before buying their desired products. There are of course certain extra-ordinary incidents, when due to lack of time or resources B2B buyers can also be manipulated. Consumer Decision Making and Passive View In the passive view model the marketers generally use their marketing mix to influence the consumers perception, personality, learning, attitude and motivate the consumer to buy the product. Innovation Acceptance Model and Innovation Decision Model are being effectively used to influence the consumers psychological field and hence instigate the consumer to buy a particular product. Marketers Efforts Apple Inc for example, have been using the Passive view combined with the Innovation Diffusion to sale their products. They came up with Ipad in 2010 and with extensive and unique marketing mix managed to sell it well, now as of 24th March 2011; people are already queuing for the Ipad 2. It is nothing but belief in the passive model that is driving the sale of various electronic innovations in todays world. There are various other companies that make an effective use of passive view. The most notable among these are the high street fashion design labels. These retailer introduce their seasonal fashion, they popularize it using their extensive marketing campaign and sell them successfully at a profit. Louis Vuitton for example have been following a concept of retro marketing and selling their products to the customers at a high price and particular trademark design. Economic View Economic view believes in a world of perfect competition, where consumers make rational decisions all the time. In the true sense of the world this model is inappropriate as there can never be a situation of perfect competition. Besides it is also not possible for the consumer to make rational decisions all the time. Because for making rational decisions a consumer will have to be aware of all the products in the market, all possible alternatives and their features. Having all this information is literally impossible in todays fast changing world. Consumer Decision Making and Economic view The consumers economic decisions are mainly influenced by their needs, attitude, personality, cultural environment, and marketers efforts. The economists believe that the decline in price of a product will increase the demand. It is not always true. The consumers consider the price as something they have to give up for the product. So the decision depends on the need for the product. Maslows hierarchy of needs depict the security and psychological needs as a set of desires which forces buyers to focus more on food, shelter, family and safety rather than price. The attitude and personality also come into action during the decision making process. This has been clearly reflected in Maslows esteem needs. The economic view of a buyer with an attitude of self respect and esteem concentrate on their possessions. And the spotlight on the product and not the price influences their decisions. For instance, buying premium range clothes boasts the buyers esteem and attention from others. Consumers with this attitude may fall under the category of materialistic people. The economic view of a buyer depends on their personality of seeking for the potential and value of the product. Buyers satisfy their actualization needs by comparing price and quality of the product with the available alternatives. The psychological traits sets the The cross-cultural analysis reveals the fact that the benefits of products or services consumed differ from one country to another. For instance, possessing premium cars in Africa portrays ones esteem in the society. The marketers still consider that the consumers economic vision towards a product has little real life application. It is unlikely that the consumer will be aware of the knowledge of all the alternatives. The consumer with an economic view conducts an extensive decision making through comparing. So the marketers come up with tactical pricing strategies illustrating discounts and offers to motivate the stimuli of the consumers effectively. However, in B2B market it is different. The business markets have well-organized resources to attain the knowledge and the potential of the products and services. Marketers Efforts Various marketers have been using the low pricing and the economic view to attract their target market and thus increase their sales. The Pound stores in the UK and Dollar Stores in the United States of America are the examples of use of economic model. Various and frequent sales and low pricing offers by the companies to increase their sales are also examples of economic view. Primark would be an ideal example of a company that tries to make best of the economic view model. The company sells its merchandize at prices, which are lowest in the market. The quality of the products though, is not as good as other in the same market. Emotional View Emotional view believes in targeting emotions and impulse of the consumers. This view believes that there are certain feelings or emotions like joy, love fear fantasy etc attached to every purchase of the consumers A consumers is less likely to do pre-purchase evaluation and search before emotional purchase. Consumer Decision Making and Emotional View An emotional view model deals with the personality and attitude of the consumer. The emotions of a consumer attached to a particular product motivate the consumer to make a particular decision. Over the years the marketers have used emotions in the their adverts and marketing campaign to influence the personality and the attitude of the consumer. Marketers Efforts Over the years football clubs have sold their merchandize on the basis of the emotional view. The various holiday packages use emotions to attract the customers. My real-estate seller promote their homes and other properties with a tag line Your Home etc just to attract the emotional aspect to their product. The Body Shop has been using the emotional model attract its consumers. The company portrayed itself as more humanitarian than the others in the same industry, by campaigning against animal testing. Marketers have also been doing various other things with the physical evidence of their stores to attract the emotional feel. In Tesco, there is a scent of fresh bread in the bakery section. The All Saints have designed their stores with a display of old sewing machines and other cloths manufacturing goods of the old times. Hierarchy of Needs The emotional view is about satisfying the self-actualization need of the customer. It is more about doing things or buying things to feel good. But it can be argued that emotional views are also about fulfilling social and esteem needs to a certain extent. Relevance of the above views There have been various criticisms of the economic and the passive view models. These models are extremely opposite of each other. The economic model believes in the existence of perfect competition and the notion that every consumer is fully aware of all the products and their features in the markets. Whereas the passive view model believes that a consumer is fully submissive to the manipulations of the marketers and has not dominance of his own. In true sense of the world both these believes are baseless and surreal. But their presence in the world is possible in certain scenarios. The relevance of the cognitive and emotional models is justifiable. As consumers do tend to make pre-purchase evaluation as well as make decisions based on impulse and emotions. Hence the marketer should use the combination of both cognitive and emotional views to market their products. Alternative theories Freudian Freudian theory believes that an individuals personality is formed as she or he passes through various stages of infant and adulthood. It believes that consumers are initially unaware of the true reasons for buying what they buy. Freud proposed that an individuals personality consists of three interacting systems: Id, superego and ego. Ids are the primitive or the impulsive drives and include physiological needs. Superego is the individuals internal expression of societys moral and ethical code of conduct. Ego is the individuals self-conscience. These factors affect an individuals personality and hence influence his or her purchase decision-making. Neo Freudian Neo Freudian theory believes social relationships are fundamental to formation and development of personality. This theory has divided the individuals personality into three categories, i.e., compliant, aggressive and detached. The individuals with this kind of personality have different purchasing habits and behavior. Traits Theory Trait is any distinct and relatively enduring way in which an individual differs from other individuals. This theory believe that an individuals specific characteristics affect his decision making process. For example, a confident individual is more likely to buy a newly introduced product than a conservative product Marketers Efforts Marketers have used various creative adverts to attract these personality adverts. Nissans tag line Enjoy the ride is targeted toward safety conscious individuals. Nikes Just do it is targeted toward impulsive personality, whereas Mountain Dews Do the Dew marketing campaign is targeted toward the adventurous people. Conclusion There are various factors that affect a consumer, while making a purchase decision. These decisions can be rational or irrational, economy driven or emotion driven. But all these decisions are influence by a consumers motivation, perception, learning, attitude and personality. This in turn is affected by the research and evaluation of the consumer. And all these factors are further influenced by the marketing communication of the firm.

Bill Proposal Essay

A severe mental illness (SMI) is an assembly of mainly psychotic conditions that are, by description, extensive and related to compromised societal functioning. As stated by the surgeon general’s report of 2010, one out of five adults, or nearly 40 million Americans, suffer from some type of psychological disorder annually. In addition, about five percent of the U. S population suffers from chronic mental disorder for instance, bipolar, major depressive disorders, schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders, (Surgeon General Report, 2010). Most individuals with severe mental ailments have a co-occurring substance abuse disorder. Valuations propose that up to 8 million grownups in the US have a mixture of at least one co-occurring psychological condition and substance-related illness in a yearly. In comparison to individuals with a primary mental or substance abuse disorder, individuals with co-occurring disorders tend to be more symptomatic, have multiple health and social problems, and require more costly care, including inpatient hospitalization (Center for Mental Health Services and Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2000). Many are at increased risk of homelessness and incarceration. Of the 10 million adults who enter US jails each year, about700, 000 of them have co-occurring disorders (United States Department of Justice Statistics, 1997). In 2000, the Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organization’s research identified the need for a number of systematic improvements to the continuing care processes for vulnerable groups of patients, including those with co-occurring disorders (Fulop et al. , 2000). For example, there has been a lot of deinstitutionalization. Rather than hospitals attempting to meet the health and social needs of patients, this task is now carried out by a variety of primary and secondary health and social care providers. These agencies, often times driven by inadequate resources and limited well trained medical personnel have led to several concerns about untoward incidents involving people with SMI. Repeated official inquiries have linked such concerns to failures to coordinate patient care. (Fulop et al. , 2011). Continuity of care has therefore assumed particular significance in the US behavioral health system and as such, a bill mandating improve delivery and sustainability of care for people with co-occurring disorders will protect, promote and preserve better mental health for residents in Arizona. This bill will: Mandate primary and secondary health care providers to collaborate strongly with clinical institutions to ensure both coordination and sustainability of care to the severe mentally ill. Provide alternative activities of daily living to people with severe mental illness thereby redirecting them from forms of misconduct and eventual jail time. Ensure improve quality of care for people already diagnosed with co-occurring disorders which will lead to treatment and rehabilitation to normal life. Reduce homelessness as those properly treated will gain employable skills and find work. The passing of this bill will come at a time when many organizations and the general public have shown interest in working together to provide better services to the mentally ill in our community. The Arizonan Department of Health has a Division of Behavioral Health that collaborates with Regional Managed Care Providers: RBHAS (Regional Behavioral Health Agencies) to provide coordinated care for behavioral health recipients, the Center for Human Rights also partners with hospitals and health providers to protect and ensure fair treatment of people with mental illnesses as well as the US federal government through its increased  funding for mental health diagnosis and treatment. After the shooting in Tucson, and the recent mass shooting of children in Connecticut, the Colorado theater , and the recurrent shootings in Fort Hood, the public is more willing to support and advocate for improved coordination of care for the mentally ill, especially people with co-occurring disorders. Health and migration laws have been long standing in us politics,its an ongoing process and batlle. TheUnited States is in the midst of a heated debate on immigration policy, and a renewed debate on health care reformhas also begun in anticipation of the 2008 presidential election. Both of these debates present an important opportunity to revisit health policies affecting immigrants and to craft solutions that are grounded in evidence about the vulnerability of immigrant groups and the potential consequences of lack of access for their health and the health of the nation. To do so, however, will require serious consideration of how various provisions of the immigration and health reformproposalsmight interact to affect immigrants’ access to health care. On the immigration reform side, what will temporary work visas and time limits on stays mean for immigrants’ health care access and experiences? What are the implications for immigrants’ health and mental health of provisions barring families from immigrating with a worker? Provisions that expand opportunities for legal residency and citizenship for undocumented immigrants already in the Assignment Grading Criteria Bill Proposal Research various modes of health care delivery systems and analyze how they promote and support the health care needs of vulnerable populations. Outline a bill intended for your local legislative representative describing your selected mode or modes of delivery and explain how it will promote and support vulnerable populations. Content 12 points possible Points available Points earned Explains needs of vulnerable populations in health care Describes the rationale for the proposed bill to include the selected mode of delivery 5 Contains an analysis of current health care delivery systems States the benefits of the proposed bill Identifies resources that support and promote the needs of vulnerable populations 5 Defines necessary terms and identifies any provisions of the proposed bill 2 Format 3 points possible Points available Points earned Follows rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation Has a structure that is clear, logical, and easy to follow.

Local Color In Huck Finn Essay

Huckleberry Finn, a tale about a boy and his struggles with the society in which he lives, is written by Samuel L. Clemens. In the story, Huck manages to escape from the custody of Widow Douglas and travels down the river to a nearby island where he encounters Miss Watson’s runaway slave, Jim. Together, they float down the Mississippi River, to find a new life, where they can live freely and easily. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is perhaps the finest example of â€Å"local color†, an emphasis which is laid on the surrounding settings. Throughout the novel, Clemens accents â€Å"local color† by illustrating the natural scenery, the way of thinking, and the distinct practices and folklore encompassing the area. The novel’s plot revolves around the Mississippi River. The river breaks all the barriers of the time period, between black and white, young and old, slave and free. With their many journeys on land, they invariably return at the raft. While stopped in a near by village, Huck and Jim manage to escape the king and the duke, seeking refuge on raft. â€Å"It was the raft, and mighty glad was we to get aboard of it again†(Clemens 1309). Later on in the novel, at the Phelps Farm plantation, Tom and Huck learn that Jim is held captive in a hut just beyond Aunt Sally’s house. They devise a scheme to get him out, involving digging a tunnel, sawing off a leg of a bed which Jim was chained to, using a rope ladder, and having Jim flee from a makeshift window. The plan runs smoothly, all three exiting through the man made hole, until Tom gets caught on a piece of wood, which creates a clamorous noise. At that moment, they began their retreat in a hurry. Fifteen men, equipped with rifles and dogs, begin their hunt for the three outlaws: â€Å"Then we struck out, easy and comfortable, for the island where my raft was; and we could hear them yelling and barking at each other†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Clemens 1442). They manage to, once again, get away seeking protection on the raft. The raft shielded both Huck and Jim from nearly every obstacle, yet slavery was still present no matter where they were. During the time this novel was set, just prior to the 1860’s, slavery prevailed all across the United States, especially in the South. Slaves were thought of as property for the white man to own, thus making them inferior. It was not until the Civil War where the slavery issue was addressed and eventually resolved. Throughout  the story, Huck and Jim travel down the Mississippi in search of freedom. Jim escapes from the possession of Miss Watson, fearing she was going to sell him down the river and thus separate him from his family. At one of their stops, at the Phelps farm, Huck hears a story from Tom’s Aunt Sally about an explosion on a boat: â€Å"It warn’t the grounding † that didn’t keep us back but a little. We blowed out a cylinder-head. Good Gracious! Anybody hurt? No’m. Killed a nigger. Well, it’s lucky; b ecause sometimes people do get hurt†(Clemens 1409). Ultimately, at the culmination of the novel, Miss Watson grants Jim his freedom, as stated in her will. Much of the population of this time based most of their practices and rituals on either the Bible or folklore. Jim, Miss Watson’s slave, had a hairball, taken from the fourth stomach of an ox. He believed this hairball was a prophecy, which truly spoke to him. In another episode, while Huck is stranded on Jackson’s Island, he hears loud explosions in the distance: â€Å"You see, they was firing cannon over the water, trying to make my carcass come to the top†(Clemens 1287). It was common knowledge of the time that when a dead body is in a river, the vibrations from the cannon ball will enable it to rise and float. Furthermore, residents believed that when quicksilver was put into loaves of bread, it would float to the dead carcass. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has numerous instances in which â€Å"local color† is present. Throughout the novel, heavy focus is laid upon the Mississippi River, and the villages close by. Common men and women used superstition and folklore to explain and solve life’s natural phenomena. Along with this is the portrayal of the brutal aspects, both physical and psychological, of slavery. At the conclusion of the novel, all hurdles are overcome, and Jim and Huck become free. Most of the population of this time was narrow-minded, being on the river, away from society, allowed Huck and Jim to overcome these bounds.

Biological Determinism And Why Sociologist Have Mounted...

This assignment is going to look at the concept of biological determinism and why sociologist have mounted such a powerful attack. Due to time constraints and word count, this essay will focus on gender and race with reference to biological determinism. The term biological determinism it is a theory that looks into a person’s behaviour and also their genetic makeup, it does not take into account any other social factors which surrounds the environment. It argues the fact that the biological factors i.e., genes and genetics are based on the way an individual behaves over time. Psychologist Charles Darwin, Mendel believed â€Å"our bodies changed to handle the environment†. Helen Cronin (2007) states that as human beings we have evolved but we still have this legacy today - the world has changed but our minds have not. Darwin uses this theory as natural selection he thought that both men and women minds are predetermined to do different things in society i.e. women have children and men go out hunting. By this he is referring to the nature side (genetics) of nature versus nurture (environment) argument. On the other hand sociologist argued that it is due to our environment how we as human beings behave. They looked at the culture, upbringing, social patterns and relationship to pan out the way individuals behave in society. Matt Ridley wrote a article on the Genetics- The Genes of blame where he states that there are genes in our bodies that are diseased. He believes thatShow MoreRelatedCrime, Deviance, And Deviance3445 Words   |  14 PagesCrime and Deviance This report will begin by making a distinction between the concepts of crime and deviance, accompanied by the concept that crime is a social construct. Then this report will evaluate some theoretical approaches to how and why crime exists. Further reference will be made to the existing crime statistics, and the validity and reliability of the official statistics that measure crime. Finally, this report will look into the presentation of crime in two areas of the mass media. AtRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesendings that accord with major shifts in political and socioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary chronological break points. In the decades that followed the Great War, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored, even expanded, their global political and economic preeminence only to see it eclipsed by the emergence of the Soviet and U.S. superpowers on their periphery and a second round of even more devastating global conflict. The bifurcated internationalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRiver, New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and